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Physician-assited suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doctor assited self destruction - Essay Example As a treatment after all other options have run out, doctor helped demise turns into an authentic choice simply after standard measures for comfort care have been discovered inadmissible by skilled patients with regards to their own circumstance and qualities (Quill, 1993). In the instances of Vacco v Quill and Washington v Glucksberg, the U.S. Incomparable Court decided that there is no intrinsically secured right to doctor helped self destruction, its choice obviously supported the utilization of concentrated palliative consideration and appeared to give a green light to experimentation at the state level with the goal that this sincere and significant discussion can proceed (Burt, 1997). The injury endured by entertainer Christopher (Reeve, 1998) and his reaction to his condition has been the subject of various reports. The open sees a man who recently appreciated a genuinely dynamic way of life, yet who presently depends on a respirator to inhale, and on others to accommodate his each physical need. Rick Hansen (Hansen,1987) and Teny Fox (Scrivener, 1981) are instances of individuals who have not just added to the general public in huge manners, yet who have likewise caught the creative mind of people in general in their gallant excursions to help other people experiencing spinal line wounds and malignancy separately. The activities of Dr. Jack Kevorkian (Pfeifer, Brigham and Robinson, 1996), a specialist focused on helping the at death's door as they continued looking for death, persistently puts this issue about the estimation of life before people in general and the courts in the United States. Flach (1988) characterizes emotional well-being as far as strength. He recommends that when we experience disturbance in our lives, it is through flexibility that we can travel through our encounters in great emotional wellness. He contends that it is the manner by which well we can coordinate each new experience and situation into our lives that prompts fruitful adjustment for the duration of our lives. In her book,

Cant Get Enough Try these 13 Books Like THE ALCHEMIST

Cant Get Enough Try these 13 Books Like THE ALCHEMIST Maybe youre a person who loves a fable. Maybe youre a person who loves to read about the Middle East, or adventure, or treasure-hunting, or self-discovery. One way or the other, youre looking for more life changing books like  The Alchemist by Paulo Coehlo. In a way, finding these books is a sort of Personal Legend to achieve, an adventure of its own. Below are 13 books like  The Alchemist  that will ignite your own journey. 1. The Prophet  by Kahlil Gibran If you loved the  wisdom imparted by  Paul Coehlo in  The Alchemist,  youll love Kahlil Gibran, and  The Prophet  in particular. Its a collection of poetic essays originally published in the 1920s that share  wisdom about a wide range of topics, from love to eating and drinking. This book is also great because its a book set in the Middle East, about Middle Eastern wisdom, by a person who is actually from the Middle East. And if youre like me, you love authentic voices. 2. Arabian Nights  or  1001 Nights Many people cite this book as the go-to staple for Arabic literature, but it was actually written by westerners who exoticized the East out of sincere obsession.  Its most clearly an  Alchemist  read-alike, largely because its such an interesting mythology to explore. Like many great sets of mythology, this one started as an oral tradition that everyone added to or modified. Its also fascinating since much of our popular culture about the Arab world stems from this book. (Note: westerners call it  Arabian Nights.  Easterners call it  1001 Nights.) 3. Pillars of Salt  by Fadia Faqir If the character Fatima fascinated you the most, try this book, too, about a woman who lives in a traditional, nomadic Bedouin society. Paulo Coehlos society very closely imitates the culture presented in Fadia Faqirs novel,  Pillars of Salt,  but in her story, we get to hear the narrative from the womans perspective, which is always a nice, welcome inversion! 4. One Hundred Years of Solitude  by Gabriel García Márquez Theres no way that you love books like  The Alchemist  and this novel got by you!  One Hundred Years of Solitude  tells the story of the mythical town of Macondo and the family who lives there. The beginning has the markings of a boy seeking his Personal Legend, a sort-of alchemist-like character, and adventure, of course. All of those points make it one of the closest  Alchemist  read-alikes. 5. The Shadow of the Wind  by Carlos Ruiz Zafón If you liked the adventure, puzzle-solving aspect of  The Alchemist,  then youll love  Carlos Ruiz Zafóns novel,  The Shadow of the Wind.  This story follows an old book and its mythology, but its as magical as it is suspenseful. The plot drives the narrative, but the characters are unique and empatheticâ€"it makes the list of books like  The Alchemist  for these reasons, even though it reads much less like a parable. 6. The Book of Speculation  by Erika Swyler If you liked the telling of fortunes,  The Book of Speculation  will also be a fun read for you. Gypsies, fortune-tellers, cursed books and cursed families abound in this novel, and although it doesnt have the travel-narrative structure, its characters still unlock puzzles that span generations. 7. Life of Pi  by Yann Martel If your favorite part of  The Alchemist  were the parts about travel and allegory, you should definitely check out  Life of Pi.  The whole plot is built around a boys journey while hes lost at sea with a zebra, an orangutan, a hyena, and a tiger. This narrative blends the fantastical with the philosophical, and for that reason, its definitely one of the books like  The Alchemist. 8. The Secret  by Rhonda Byrne You probably heard about this book from Oprah, and you probably view it as a mostly self-help text. In reality, though,  The Secret  is about making your own luck and how to go about ithow to tell the universe what you want from it. In this way,  The Secret  is a life changing book like  The Alchemist.  Because nothing should waylay you from achieving your Personal Legend. 9. White Fang  by Jack London Okay, so you may be wondering how  White Fang  possibly qualifies on the list of books like  The Alchemist…Heres how: Santiago has a very close spiritual connection to the animals in his life, whether sheep or camels. Plus, Jack London is known for writing about the theme of perseverance in his novels, and this is no exception. If you want to be propelled toward your Personal Legend,  White Fang  and  Call of the Wild  are two  Alchemist  read-alikes that cant go unread. 10. Siddhartha  by Herman Hesse If what you appreciated most about  The Alchemist  was its tone, structure, and philosophical content, youll love  Siddhartha.  Its about the same length and reading difficulty, plus part of its objective is to synthesize philosophies that often contradict each other. Paul Coehlo does this well in his novel, and if you appreciated those qualities, definitely look into this novel, too. 11. aesops Fables   If the character you liked most in  The Alchemist  was the old man, or the king of Salem, you should check out some of Aesops fables. Its like listening to wisdom directly from a mentor. Plus, the characters in Aesops fables talk to entities like the sun, the wind, and the desert, like Santiago does. Its always fascinating to see elements of nature anthropomorphized! 12. Midaq Alley  by Naguib Mahfouz If you loved the scenes in the bazaar in Tangier, youll like the setting of  Midaq Alley.  Although it is set in a different part of North Africa, the atmosphere is similarly vibrant and sensational. And again, you get to hear the story from the perspective of someone who lives there, and who doesnt love authenticity? 13. Fairy Tales and Stories  by Hans Christian Andersen If you loved the ambient nature of the narrative, the learning of information as the character learns it, or the unlocking of a puzzle only after the protagonist has proved worthy, this collection is your most accurate  Alchemist  read-alike. The most famous tales from this volume are The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen, but all of them are rich, wandering tales of adventure and identity. What are some of your favorite books like  The Alchemist?

Illegal Immigrants Close the Borders Essay - 1317 Words

Illegal immigration has been a problem that has plagued the United States for many years. This problem is not new to the country because thousands of immigrants have crossed over the oceans and Mexican border since our country was founded. The underlying problem is the lack of assimilation to the American ways of life and the acceptance of existing rules and laws. With the already fragile economy and the largely growing unemployment rate Americans must make every effort to close its borders to undocumented workers to ease the strain and retain any available jobs for unemployed Americans and legal workers. Aviva Chomsky writes â€Å"immigration plays a much more complex role in the employment picture, and many different factors affecting†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"of 147 illegal immigrants arrested by federal authorities in 1975 who re-entered the labor force, 35% received unemployment benefits at some time over the next five years.†(Anzovin 49) However, more recently illegal immigration has finally met with some opposition in some states such as Arizona, and Georgia with the passing of new legislation to crack down on illegal immigrants’ in these states. Until recently the illegal immigrants’ population in Georgia had increased every spring due to the fact that illegal workers move north from Florida after agricultural labor jobs run out at the end of harvesting season. But with the new immigration laws that have taken place in some states such as Georgia and Arizona it allows local law enforcement to see if a worker is legally able to work in the US. If the workers are illegal they are immediately deported and the employer that hired them is charged fine in excess of 270,000 dollars or more. All be it, the laws are more lax in my home state of Georgia than Arizona, I’m glad to see that the state has made some effort to battle the affliction facing the state and the country. One major difference in th e Georgia version of the law is that he citizen status is on to be check if one has been in the act of breaking the law where as in Arizona there only needs to be suspicion of immigration status to constitutes a status check. Part of that law states no employer may refuse to hire a qualified personShow MoreRelatedImmigration : The United States1087 Words   |  5 Pagescountry prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinion, I think the US borders should remain close because Citizens` or Americans` should be the firstRead MoreThe Border Of The United States1057 Words   |  5 Pagesnot close the borders. The United States has two of the world s longest borders. One of the two was very welcoming of immigrants and could leave America open to attack. This also can mean less room for Americans as the country grows every day. Closed borders were necessary due to the fact of terrorists, overpopulation, limited resources, and costs. Terrorists were the key to mass chaos in the United States. The northern border of the United States was one the longest unprotected borders in theRead MoreOpen Border Policy and Illegal Immigration1844 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Open Border Policy and Illegal Immigration Introduction Immigration is one of the contentious issues that continue to elicit mixed reactions from different parties. In most western economies, debates on immigration policies have been on the rise in the recent decades. Whereas the international human rights have confirmed that freedom of movement is one of the basic human rights and hence no one can be deprived, most governments have put restrictions on immigration. Furthermore, the enactmentRead MoreAre Babies Born on the United States Soil Be Considered Full-fledged Citizens or Not?1360 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States to illegal alien mothers are often referred to as anchor babies†. Under current practice, these children are United States citizens at birth, simply because they were born on United States soil. They are called anchor babies because, as United States citizens, they become eligible to sponsor their relatives when they turn 21 years of age, thus becoming the legal United States anchor for an extended immigrant famil y (Shopper). Thus, the United States born children of illegal aliens notRead MoreEssay on We Must End Illegal Immigration in the United States1391 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday illegal immigrants try to come to the United States for freedom. The United States government should double the patrolling of the borders and the coast of the United States in order to keep out illegal immigrants. We need to some how create a program that will end illegal immigration. Ensuring that people who enter the United States illegally will not be able to obtain employment, public assistance benefits, public education, public housing, or any other taxpayer-funded benefit should beRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1593 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration and the deployment of these undocumented inhabitants of America has been a disputed issue for decades. It is debated whether to return the illegal immigrants to their country of origin, or to let them stay in the United States. F actual evidence and statistics has proven that although the immigrants may not be authorized as citizens or inhabitants of America, they do contribute to the diversity of the country. With such a large population of foreigners, the immigrants also influenceRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The Act Of Migrating Across A National Border1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnature, illegal immigration is hard to measure and control. But to fully understand the solutions and properly analyze them; the origin, causes, and effects must be clear. Illegal immigration is the act of migrating across a national border without a legalized permission from the target country. Illegal immigration has long been a problem in the USA since the latter half of the 20th century. In spite of all the laws that was issued the door was left open especially for the Mexican immigrants. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe official definition of illegal is â€Å"contrary to or forbidden by law†. The definition of an Immigrant is â€Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possibleRead MoreThe Immigration Policy Of The United States Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration, legal and illegal alike, but now we are in crisis mode. Most of the immigrants from Central America, especially Mexico, do not want to immerse themselves in American culture. However, they do want a return of the South-West territory of Mexico. Under the Obama Administration and his infamous executive orders, we have more problems than ever, especially surrounding illegal immigration. Hillary Clinton will only exacerbate the problem, since her attitude towards illegal immigration is identicalRead MoreEssay on Immigration Issues Between UU And Mexico1256 Words   |  6 Pagesmost difficult to resolve. The problem relates to both economic and business realities of the U.S. and Mexico. There may be anywhere between 4 to 12 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States. For undocumented immigrants from Mexico, population experts have discovered that there is a constant flow of both immigrants into the US and leaving the US . This is the primary reason why the exact number remains unknown. Mexicans make up the single largest group of undocumented workers. Many

Humans Are Responsible For Global Warming - 877 Words

It is not surprising to read on the internet about ice caps melting and strong storms devastating cities. Global warming is a serious issue that should be put in consideration. However, before trying to fix such issue. We should focus on what is causing global warming. Humans are responsible for global warming. Even though, most of the earth’s population deny being responsible for global contamination/global warming. A slight change on temperature can cause a big change on the earth’s weather and environment (i.e. ice caps melting or long droughts in California). According to Pete Spotts in Climate Change: Scientists Now 95 Percent Certain We Are Mostly to Blame, â€Å"Since 1951, Earth s climate has warmed by about 0.6 degrees Celsius, and researchers assessing †¦ the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are 95 percent certain that more than half of the warming is due to human emissions of greenhouse gases.† (Par 1). After the industrial revolution, humans have been using fossil fuels as combustibles (i.e. coal, fuel oil or gas). These gases are very heavy and difficult to vanish in the atmosphere. It means that every time we consume fossil fuels; we expel enormous quantities of toxic gases that help create a phenomenon called greenhouse effect. This phenomenon causes the earth to heat up. As a consequence, the ice caps melt while increasing the sea level. This cou ld end up in massive floods in every coast around the world. The last time high greenhouse gassesShow MoreRelatedAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming?2365 Words   |  10 PagesAre Humans Responsible for Global Warming? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS James Wang, Ph.D. Bill Chameides, Ph.D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attributing the recent global warming to human activities rests on the following undisputed scientific facts: †¢ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. †¢ Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm. CurrentRead MoreHumans Are Responsible For Global Warming2056 Words   |  9 PagesDraft Humans are Responsible for Global Warming On November 8th, American citizens will go to the polls and vote for the next president of the United States. During the presidential campaign, both candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, have their own different points of view on environmental issues. Hillary Clinton affirms her commitment to the fight against climate change. She supports the Paris Agreement, which is an agreement among many nations to respond to the threat of global warmingRead MoreEssay on Humans are Responsible for Global Warming972 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay offers a defense to the position that humans are responsible for global warming. What is Carbon Dioxide? Before attempting to answer any questions based on observations about carbon dioxide, taking a moment to identify the carbon dioxide helps to ensure a clear understanding of the element. According to Princeton University (n.d.), â€Å"carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide, is a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances†. This naturallyRead MoreHuman Activity Responsible For Global Warming Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironment varies. Everyone adapts to alterations differently, but is human activity responsible for global warming negatively affecting human health? Background: Historical Background †¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ At the beginning of the twentieth century, when global warming was merely a thought to occur among the presence of the greenhouse effect, scientists started to believe it would good for the environment to experience global warming. During the late 1950s, a couple of scientists took further examinationsRead MoreIs Human Activity Primarily Responsible For Global Climate Change And Global Warming?1371 Words   |  6 PagesIs Human Activity Primarily Responsible for Global Climate Change and Global Warming? What is global climate change? Is human activity primarily responsible? According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, global warming â€Å"refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth s surface. It is caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. However, global warming itselfRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Earth1577 Words   |  7 Pagesto be. It is known as global warming. Global warming is constant rise in the global average temperature near the surface of the earth. Although to some, global warming is nothing more than a myth, a rumor to scare the race into rethinking their selfish acts, but global warming is no myth. I believe that global warming is far from a myth, it is real and it is dangerous. The evidence is all around us. If you look to the stars, you can see that the atmosphere is full of human-produced molecules thatRea d MoreThe Debate On Global Climate Change1605 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on global climate change argues that human-generated greenhouse gas emissions are too small to substantially change the earth’s climate and that the planet is capable of absorbing those increases. It is contended that warming over the 20th century resulted primarily from natural processes such as fluctuations in the sun s heat and ocean currents. But the theory of human-caused global climate change is based on questionable measurements, faulty climate models, and misleading science. InRead MoreReview of The Great Global Warming Swindle1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Global Warming Swindle has been the most widely watched documentary critical of the scientific consensus that climate change is due to anthropogenic activities. Aired in 2007 in the United Kingdom, the documentary claimed to debunk the â€Å"myth† of manmade global climate change, exposing it as a vast conspiracy design ed to gain funding for research and push an environmental agenda that is especially harmful to the developing world. Directed by British producer Martin Durkin, the documentaryRead MoreCauses Of Environmental Issues1467 Words   |  6 Pagescare. However, the global issues around the world are the most serious and concerning problems. According to Globe scan, 64% out of 25,000 people said environmental issue is the most serious problem. Like other issues, environmental issue is a growing problem around the whole world. Some people know and say that humans have to save the Earth, but how many of them actually keep those rules to save it? For that reason, environmental issue is an ongoing problem, and global warming is the huge and significantRead MoreThe Debate On Global Warming1239 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy concerning global warming. The controversy takes the form of public debate that centers on five issues (Mazo 30). The first issue is whether or not global warming is occ urring. The second issue is whether global warming is real and extent it has occurred in the recent decades. The third question relates to the causes of global warming. The fourth question centers on the effects of global warming. The fifth question is whether any action needs to be taken to contain global warming. The author concurs

Methodologies Free Essays

Human resource development is one of the most challenging tasks of running any business in the present world of competition and globalization. The level of motivation depends greatly on how much focus company gives to understanding the need and the demographics of the company. It is very important to have well-motivated employees, because the motivated employees will probably work harder, and likely produce a higher quality of work; especially for a retail company. We will write a custom essay sample on Methodologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Motivation comes from heart and mind; it is an internal process which determines the success and adaptability of an employee within the business environment. It is very important that steps should be taken to strengthen this within the staff. This would require effort on the part of the organization to come up with steps to find out and research about ways in which employees a can be motivated. An organization needs a systematic methodologies based on sound research philosophy. A good research philosophy should be based on positive- scientific approach where analysis is based on factors which can be verified by statistics. Another, aspect of the research could be based on exploring the circumstances or the situations. Based on these two philosophies information should be gathered. The purpose is to research the different motivational factors that affect sales people in the client organization. The research approach should be selected to suit the nature of the company. The research approach can be deductive- based on testing the theory or inductive –based on building the theory. The inductive theory with emphasis on qualitative research should be the focus of research. The environment and the demographics of the company should be considered. The study should use qualitative research. In qualitative research the events could be studied in their natural surroundings. The data can be obtained by exploring the circumstances or the situations. The data for this research comes from the secondary sources. Secondary data is more accurate than the primary data, and is also most economical and easy way of accessing information. The process requires the past and the recent researcher’s studies including books and journals, the internet, newspaper as some of the main sources for secondary data research. This information is very useful and provides comprehensive understanding of the issue. The research analysis is conducted after gathering and analyzing data. The emphasis is on the size and the nature of the respondents. The respondents were randomly selected. All the salespeople from different brands were asked to participate in the survey. The primary source of the survey is through interview. Ten shops have been chosen as target interviewees in different districts. The interview is designed to be done face to face. The time selected for interview is lunch hour. The questionnaires have been put together, which are to be collected after the interview. All data which is collected is confidential. The method employed in this research is through the questionnaire survey. A comprehensive list of question is prepared which could target the employee’s personal information aspect as well as the motivation aspect. The targeted interviewee’s are the staff below manager level. The aim is to evaluate relationship between pay and motivation. The question is prepared in simple and clear language, Chinese version is also made available to help in understanding. Every effort is taken to avoid misunderstanding. The first part of the questionnaire gives personal information of the staff. The personal information related to the employees will reflect that information which gives information about them like, age, sex, education level and years of service with a particular facility or organization. This personal information is very essential for the selection of the right person for the right job. If the person is selected to perform a particular job for which he is suitable, this will lead to the growth of the company as well as the employee. His education a level and his experience plays a key role in determining the nature of his job. His age should be considered in deciding if he can take the amount of work related stress and strain. His gender would give him/ her a certain way of thinking which may help or hinder the kind of commitment. It requires careful selection based on these factors, to really find the right person with good motivation who can work with the company for the long-term. The second part of the questionnaire focuses on the motivational factors or preferences based on eleven questions. These questions are ranked as highest to least desirable as far as motivation is concerned. They take into account he factors which determine motivation. It is important to understand what offer can the company make to raise the motivation level of its employees. If everyone feels that they are equally treated as far as company policy is concerned with regard age, sex, ethnicity, and disability. If the employee’s are well compensated with benefits, holidays, allowances and health benefits determined by their personal qualification. They will be happy to work for the company. The company should make an effort to find out through survey about How the Employee’s feel about working for the company. It is very important to have a motivated workforce with proper training, education and development for success in the present economy. This part of the survey has been evaluated in the following survey done to address the employees’ response. It is very important to have authentic data, which can help research and analyze the motivation factors existing in the retail industry. Data should be collected from the literatures, journals, newspapers and the internet. The research is also aimed to analyze the internal motivation factors with information collected from staff interviews, official website and the staff handbook. The research and the analysis of the survey results combined with the statistical applications allow for the researcher to draw conclusion based on the objectives of the study. Ethical issues regarding the confidentiality of the information should also be carefully observed. The information should be well guarded. The participants should trust the source of their survey. Then only can one obtain authentic and honest information. There are certain limitations to this method of survey; the information may change from day to day. In the process of research it is difficult to update the information on a continuous basis, until the final study is finished. Thus this kind of research imposes that there be date beyond which information cannot be used. This can be a handicap. Some of the information which has been collected is found in Chinese, this will require time for translation. Sometimes the meaning can get lost in the process of translation. Though the study tries it’s best to translate the original meanings from the original meanings. These surveys are critical to the analysis and the discussion of the motivation level of the people working for the retail company. This beautifully classifies the personal qualification which determines the level of their position within the company. Once the employees and employers know each others strength, they find where the right person can be placed for the right kind of job. Even an employee can be trained if interested for a particular job to which he may have better liking. If employer treats every employee with equal opportunity, the employee will work hard and with sincerity. It is very important to maintain that balance and motivation to keep a well trained workforce. If the employees are asked to respond to particular question as mentioned in the survey, they will feel they have important role and participation within the company. This will make them more confident about their future and make them more motivated. So accurate personal evaluation, good benefits and reward system will keep the motivation level high. These methodologies help the company to find clear and defined ways to find suitable employees and also to retain them for long term. They can be a guideline for future decisions made by the company. It can also help company cone up with a reward system for positive consequences and penalties for negative consequences. The internal and unseen aspect of motivation can be developed with good training, proper developmental setup and secure future. The competition and the benefits can be planned in the light of the information gathered. This will further improve understanding between the employers and the employees for better teamwork. Works cited Human Resource Management, HR354, Professional Competence, The Management Report, Student Handbook, 2006/07 Â   Â   Â   How to cite Methodologies, Essay examples

London Docklands Essay Research Paper free essay sample

London Docklands Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Evaluate the success of the economic, societal and physical regeneration of The London Docklands. # 8221 ; In Medieval times development occurred on the Thames, where Romans had one time settled. Growth of shipbuilding industry led to the development of this country. The London Docks were built between 1700 and 1921. The ground was to ease congestion on the Thames between ships, and the lock Gatess helped to command the H2O degree in the river. Security was besides improved within the docks because of the high walls around the dock basins. The Eastend of London developed around the Docks. At the docks hay twenty-four hours London was at the Centre of universe trade.However in 1967 the docks started to worsen, a figure of grounds were to do the ruin to one of the universes greatest trading ports. The docks were non designed for the size of the more modern ships, non been broad plenty or deep plenty to let the ships in. We will write a custom essay sample on London Docklands Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The newer container ships could non be catered for in the docks. This meant that competition was get downing to originate signifier other ports around the British Isles, chiefly Tilbury and Antwerp. These newer ports offered a installation to manage containers, with the efficiency of a axial rotation on/roll off system. With the competition a job, the London Docks now had to conflict through the diminution of traditional trade that was associated with Europe and the docks. Adding to the jobs, traditional industries in Britain were worsening all the clip. The docks in consequence were been suffocated from of trade. After old ages of diminution, the docks became excessively expensive to run, with the deficiency of trade and inefficiency of burden and unloading. By 1981, all the docks along the Thames were closed, with the exclusion of the new Tilbury dock. As the country bit by bit started to run down, the local governments and authorities realised that some sort of renovation had to take topographic point. Regeneration of the country had begun in topographic points since the terminal of the war in 1946, due to the extended bomb harm the country had suffered. Other undertakings besides went in front before the docks wholly closed. The? Greater London Development Plan? and? Inner Urban Area Act? were carried out in the 60? s and 70? s. However, these undertakings were neer deemed a success, as the bulk of the docks were still run down. In add-on, those that were regenerated were non popular because of the abuse of stuffs and thoughts. None of them seemed to bring around the jobs that the Docklands had. Derelict land in the docks was approximately 40 % , around 6 square kilometer. In the last 15 old ages before 1981, 150,000 occupations had been lost. The local population was populating on council estates that were crumpling, and had no basic comfortss. Counter urbanization was go oning to the country, over 20 % had moved out. The communicating web was hapless, no rail links existed, roads were few and narrow, and public conveyance was small. Local occupants were deprived of both leisure installations and rudimentss like schools and infirmaries, they were non even given the opportunity to do a spell of the country they lived in.However, a new strategy was to be set up, which was thought to be the reply to all the jobs that the Docklands contained. In 1979, a new Government came into power with different attitudes and positions. They set up a non-elected corporation, which had entire control over the country. They could utilize authorities grants to fix land and let go of it to chiefly private developers. Using public financess, they were to pull private financess. Enter the London Docklands Development Corporation ( LDDC ) . The LDDC had four purposes that they wanted to accomplish in the Docklands, they were fundamentally to better the economic, societal and physical facets of the area.To better the economic facet of the country they had to make occupations for the unemployed who were populating in the Docklands, to make this they had to convey in major companies. The LDDC decided to supply a good substructure to the country, they provided the gas, electric, and roads. Transport was a chief job, so? 600 million was spent on conveyance, and another? 300 million on merely the Docklands Railway. The most expensive route in Europe was built at a cost of? 220, it is merely one stat mi long and stretches from The Isle of Dogs to the City of London. However, these costs have eased the congestion to the Docks. This was adequate to convert concerns to travel to the country. Large newspaper companies were besides attracted to the Docklands, off from Fleet Street because of the new Canary Wharf edifice. This is one of the tallest edifices in England, at 800ft high and touting 50 narratives. Companies like Reader? s Digest besides located here. Companies were attracted to Canary Wharf because of the quality of it with air conditi oning, deep floors, and unfastened office infinite. Constructing infinite in London was short, and expensive. Canary Wharf was an first-class topographic point to relocate for its cheep rent, and big offices. With merely 27,000 occupations in 1981, the estimation for today is that there are around 175,000 occupations in the Docklands. Employment is now three times higher than it was before the LDDC tungsten as created. Within the St Katherine Docks the World Trade Centre was built.The Docklands, had a feeling of racial tension and despair, the LDDC had to improve the public facilities and leisure facilities to ease these problems. Education and healthcare were recognised as inadequate, so ?65 million was spent on renovating the services. To resolve the problems of poor quality living accommodation the LDDC developed large areas of housing, both renovation and building from scratch took place. ?40 million was spent on renovating over 50 existing council estates. A mix of houses were required to suite the needs of different people, 2000 very affordable houses were erected with low mortgages to suite the original eastender. For the richer businessperson luxury, flats were created from old run down warehouses. St Katherine Docks have examples of both of these types of housing. More luxury flats can be found in the old warehouses on the Isle of Dogs. In all the LDDC has provided 24,000 hou sing units, this will accommodate the additional 45,000 people that are moving back into the area. To help the local residents find work in the Docklands, training centres were set up to provide training. This helped the people to develop skills in the tertiary industry, like computing, which were the main source of jobs in the Docklands. Pubs, restaurants, a floating museum, a hotel with 826 rooms, and a marina were all created in the St Katherine Docks. These were created for both people who lived in the Docklands, and for the tourists visiting the area. A dry ski slope has been created out of an old slag-heap, within the Royal Docks, also theses docks are the site for a number of large shopping centres. The land use has changed in the Docklands from been derelict, it has now become drastically improved. The overall physical view of the area has improved. 100,000 trees have been planted in the Docklands area. This has been mixed with the careful design and placement of buildings a round the Docklands. Large areas have become changed in their physical appearance for the better, like the Royal Docks. In this area was built the London City Airport. Short haul flights can be taken to many capitals of countries within Europe.With so much money having been spent on the redevelopment of the Docklands, protection against flooding from the Thames was required. This was found in the Thames Barrier, at only 200 metres across and costing ?500 million. This barrier can control the height of the river, with giant gates that can be raised and lowered.The Docklands was once one of the worst run down inner city areas in Britain. However, all this has changed as the derelict land has become regenerated. It has turned out to be the largest urban regeneration scheme in Europe. So can we say that the Docklands redevelopment scheme has been an all round success?Economically the area has improved, a lot of private investment has been attracted into the area. For the ?3,900 million spent on the Docklands with public money, a total of around ?8,700 million has become injected into the area from private funds. This is a very good thing, as companies are realising that the Docklands has a good future, and are prepared to invest heavily into the area. Another attractive is that the infrastructure has been laid by the LDDC, all costs accounted for. This has meant that the development of the Docklands can continue without the investment of public money. More jobs are been created all the while, and people are moving back. People are realising that the area has a future. The economic aspect of the regeneration should be branded as a success.With more pubs, restaurants, and services locating in the area, people can see a future in the Docklands. Better houses have been made available, and it is a place that the public want to live in. Urbanisation is staring to happen, and new housing blocks are quickly been filled. A success for sure, as people are moving back into t he area realising it has more to offer.Before the LDDC took over the area looked ugly and run down, but now has been transformed. The LDDC received a total of 43 awards for architecture and conservation. Land prices within the Docklands also suggest success, before development land was available at a relatively cheap price. Now a one-hectare plot is worth over ?2 million.In all aspects, the Docklands have been a success. From a run down inner city, it is now a city within a city. Docklands is a modern hidden community, which once was only run down land. With careful planning and consideration it has become transformed into what it is today. Nevertheless, as with all successes there are a few failures. Contained on London Docks, are the warehouses of the Tobacco Dock. This was redeveloped into a shopping centre, but with poor custom had to close. This was through the lack of planning, but lessons were learnt.With the Docklands having been significantly regenerated, in 1998 the LDDC f inished its work in the Docklands. However, redevelopment continues to carry on the good work that the LDDC did.

Definition and Examples of Synathroesmus in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Synathroesmus in Rhetoric Definition Synathroesmus is a  rhetorical term for the piling up of words (usually adjectives), often in the spirit of invective. Also known as  congeries, accumulatio, and seriation. In A  Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory  (2012), Cuddon and Habib offer this example of  synathroesmus from Shakespeares Macbeth:Who can be wise, amazed, temperate and furious,Loyal and neutral, in a moment? See the additional examples below. Also see: AccumulationCongeriesListSeriesSynonyms EtymologyFrom the Greek, collection   Examples Hes a proud, haughty, consequential, turned-up-nose peacock.(Charles Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby)He was a gasping, wheezing, clutching, covetous old man.(Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol)Of all the bete, clumsy, blundering, boggling, baboon-blooded stuff I ever saw on the human stage, that thing last night beatas far as the story and acting wentand of all the affected, sapless, soulless, beginningless, endless, topless, bottomless, topsyturviest, tuneless, scrannelpipiesttongs and boniestdoggerel of sounds I ever endured the deadliness of, that eternity of nothing was the deadliest, as far as its sound went.(John Ruskin, on Richard Wagners Die Meistersinger von Nà ¼rnberg)One viewed the existence of man then as a marvel, and conceded a glamour of wonder to these lice which were caused to cling to a whirling, fire-smote, ice-locked, disease-stricken, space-lost bulb.(Stephen Crane, The Blue Hotel)Lipsmackin thirstquenchin acetastin motivatin goodbuzzin cooltalkin highwalkin fastlivi n evergivin coolfizzin Pepsi.(commercial slogan for Pepsi Cola) [Jimmy Carter] was of the Missionary lectern-pounding Amen ten-finger C-major-chord Sister-Martha-at-the-Yamaha-keyboard loblolly piney-woods Baptist faith . . ..(Tom Wolfe, The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening, 1977)Talking Right: How Conservatives Turned Liberalism into a Tax-Raising, Latte-Drinking, Sushi-Eating, Volvo-Driving, New York Times-Reading, Body-Piercing, Hollywood-Loving, Left-Wing Freak Show(Geoffrey Nunberg, book title, 2006) Thomas Pynchons Use of SynathroesmusYet at least he had believed in the cars, maybe to excess: how could he not, seeing people poorer than him come in, Negro, Mexican, cracker, a parade seven days a week, bring with them the most godawful of trade-ins: motorized, metal extensions of themselves, of their families and what their whole lives must be like, out there so naked for anybody, a stranger like himself, to look at, frame cockeyed, rusty underneath, fender repainted in a shade just off enough to depress the value, if not Mucho himself , inside smelling hopeless of children, of supermarket booze, or two, sometimes three generations of cigarette smokers, or only of dustand when the cars were swept out you had to look at the actual residue of these lives, and there was no way of telling what things had been truly refused (when so little he supposed came by that out of fear most of it had to be taken and kept) and what had simply (perhaps tragically) been lost: clipped coupons promising savings of 5 or 10 ¢, trading stamps, pink flyers advertising specials at the market, butts, tooth-shy combs, help-wanted ads, Yellow Pages torn from the phone book, rags of old underwear or dresses that already were period costumes, for wiping your own breath off the inside of a windshield with so you could see whatever it was, a movie, a woman or car you coveted, a cop who might pull you over just for drill, all the bits and pieces coated uniformly, like a salad of despair, in a grey dressing of ash, condensed exhaust, dust, body wastesit nauseated him to look, but he had to look.(Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49, 1965) Pronunciation: si na TREES mus or sin a THROE smus Alternate Spellings: sinathroesmus

How Christmas Is Celebrated in Russia

How Christmas Is Celebrated in Russia Christmas is a public holiday in Russia, celebrated by many Christian Russians as one of the most important holidays of the year. While some Russian Christmas traditions are similar to those practiced in the West, others are specific to Russia, reflecting Russias rich history and the traditions associated with the Russian Orthodox Church. Fast Facts: Christmas in Russia In Russia, Christmas is celebrated on January 7th.Many Russian Christmas traditions originated with the pagan culture that predated Christianity in Russia. Long-standing Russian Christmas customs include caroling, fortune-telling, and following a strict Nativity Fast for forty days leading up to Christmas Eve. Many of Russias Christmas customs originated with the pagan culture that existed in Russia before the arrival of Christianity. Pagan rituals designed to bring about a good year with a rich harvest were performed from the end of December until around mid-January. When Christianity arrived in Russia, these rituals transformed and merged with the customs of the newly arrived religion, creating a unique mixture of Christmas traditions that are still observed in Russia today. Russian Orthodox Christmas Russian Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7th, according to the Julian calendar observed by the Russian Orthodox Church. Currently, the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar is 13 days. Starting in 2100, the difference will increase to 14 days, and Russian Christmas will thus be celebrated on January 8th from then onwards, until the next increase. During the Soviet era, Christmas and all other church holidays were banned (though many people continued to celebrate them in secret). Many Christmas traditions were moved to New Years, which has been the most popular holiday in Russia ever since. Nevertheless, a wealth of Christmas traditions remain in Russia, including fortune-telling on Christmas Eve, singing Christmas carols (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã' Ã ´Ã ºÃ ¸, pronounced kaLYADky), and following a strict fast until the first star appears in the sky on the night of Christmas Eve. Russian Christmas Traditions Traditionally, Russian Christmas celebrations begin on Christmas Eve, called Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º (saCHYELnik). The name Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º comes from the word Ã' Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ¾ (SOHchiva), a special meal made from grains (usually wheat), seeds, nuts, honey, and sometimes dried fruit. This meal, also known as Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã'  (kooTYA), signifies the end of the strict Nativity Fast which is held for forty days. The Nativity Fast is observed until the first star is seen in the evening sky on the night of Ð ¡Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º, to symbolize the appearance of the Star of Bethlehem that inspired and led the three wise men to Jesus home in Jerusalem. Russian Christmas is spent with family, and is considered a time of forgiveness and love. Thoughtful gifts are given to loved ones, and homes are decorated with figures of angels, stars, and nativity scenes. Many Russians attend a Christmas mass on Christmas Eve. After dark, once the fast is broken, families sit down for a celebration meal. Traditionally, various pickled items are served, including gherkins, pickled mushrooms, sauerkraut, and pickled apples. Other traditional dishes include pies meat, mushroom, fish, or vegetable fillings. A drink called Ã' Ã ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' (ZBEEtyn), made with spices and honey, is also served. (Ã' Ã ±Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã'Å' was once the most popular drink in Russia, before tea took over.) Today, Russian Christmas meals are eclectic and varied, with some families following tradition and others choosing entirely different dishes. Many Russians do not follow the fast or attend church, but still celebrate Christmas, viewing the holiday as a celebration of love, acceptance, and tolerance. Christmas Fortune-Telling Fortune-telling is a tradition that began in Russias pre-Christianity times (and is not condoned by the Russian Orthodox Church). Traditionally, fortune-telling was performed by young, unmarried women who gathered at a house or a Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã'  (BAnya)- a Russian sauna. The women wore only their nightgowns and kept their hair loose. Married women and men were not allowed to take part in fortune-telling rituals. Instead, older women performed Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'‹ (zagaVOry): word-based rituals designed to bring prosperity to their families. In todays Russia, many fortune-telling rituals involve the whole family. Tarot reading, tea leaf reading and coffee grounds divination are also common. Here are some examples of traditional fortune-telling methods performed at Russian Christmas celebrations: A bowl is filled with rice and a question is asked or a wish is made. When you put your hand into the bowl and then take it back out, you must count the number of grains that have stuck to your hand. An even number means that the wish will come true soon, while an odd number means that it will come true after some time. It can also be seen as a yes or no answer to the question. Gather as many cups or mugs as there are people present. One of the following objects is put in each cup (one object per cup): a ring, a coin, an onion, some salt, a piece of bread, some sugar, and water. Everyone takes turns to choose a cup, keeping their eyes closed. The chosen object represents the near future. A ring means a wedding, a coin means wealth, bread means abundance, sugar means happy times and laughter, an onion means tears, salt means difficult times, and a cup of water means life without changes. Traditionally, on Christmas Eve, young women went outside and asked the first man they saw what his name was. This name was believed to be the name of their future husband. Merry Christmas in Russian The most common Russian Christmas greetings are: Ð ¡ Ð  Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¥Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ²Ã'‹Ð ¼ (s razhdystVOM khrisTOvym): Merry ChristmasÐ ¡ Ð  Ã ¾Ã ¶Ã ´Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ¼ (s razhdystVOM): Merry Christmas (abbreviated)Ð ¡ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ´Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ (s PRAZnikum): Happy holidays

Corporate social responsibility Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Corporate social responsibility - Dissertation Example The internal and external forces that are contributory for quality management for the company to be able to enforce corporate social responsibility (Industryplayer.com, 2013). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Figure 2. Building a model for ethical corporate social responsibility (publicrelationssolutions.com, 2013). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Figure 3. Kim, 2006 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.30 Figure 4. Spatial options for companies on what to choose as environment for its CSR implementation (Panasonic.com.au, 2013) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..31 Chapter 1 Introduction Corporate social responsibility has been seriously considered significant part of business leadership and in meeting the stakeholder’s expectations specially the conscientious consumers or investors who wanted to maintain a Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). Thus, corporate social responsibility entails more qualified employees and sustaining corporate political interests to meet accountability and responsibility. Purpose of the study This paper will provide a meta-analysis of the theory of corporate social responsibility and its application in business management and in envisioning a community where people are enjoying too of the corporate vision for an improved economic well-being of the community. Significance of the Study This study is imperative to contribute scholarly studies on corporate social responsibility and how the companies’ empirical experiences sup port their endeavours to gain corporate credibility and integrity. It will also facilitate in the...1-3). Transparency require that the company must publicized their annual reports to detail their achievements, their credibility and best practices, including those matters where they need improvement and where they could potentially leverage in the next period of business operations (Burja & Mihalache, 2010, pp. 1-3).The inability of the company to perform the desired targets will create internal and ex...

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Essay

An Analysis of the Use of Persuasive Appeal in David Foster Wallace's Kenyon College Commencement Address - Essay Example Wallace makes use of persuasive appeal by utilizing the components of ethos, logos, and pathos that readers become aware of as they devour this piece of writing. Mortensen (2004) affirms that, Aristotle defines ethos as the component that attains persuasion through the author’s character when an audience listens to a speech and deems the speaker as credible. Ethos represents the author’s integrity, respectability and influence and how the author uses these attributes to impress the audience. In addition, they relate to the way a writer uses tone and style to communicate opinion or present an argument. Logos convince through reasoning by making use of logical arguments and evidence to support a writer’s stand. They draw on facts and figures in supporting the speaker’s topic. Pathos achieves persuasion by stirring emotions among the audience (Mortensen, 2004). The author’s ability to use these components creates text that captures the readers’ attention and encourages them to keep on reading. So how does Wallace appeal to his audience? Wallace applies all three components to persuade the audience; however, logos and ethos are more prominent while pathos makes minor occurrences as the ensuing discussion highlights. Wallace starts by giving a short narration about two young fish who meet an older one moving in the opposite direction. The older fish enquires on how they find the waters. The fish story is a metaphor as it likens the fish to human beings. The author confirms this by saying â€Å"I am not the wise old fish† (The Wall Street Journal). Wallace was a respectable novelist and essayist from his previous works such as ‘Infinite Jest’ and ‘The Depressed Person’; nevertheless, he does not wish to bluff or present a near perfect image of himself. He avoids the know-it-all attitude that most mentors would convey. The story serves to leave the audience in suspense as it does not have a con clusion. Wallace confirms the suspense in the remark â€Å"If, at this moment, you are worried that I plan to present myself here, as the wise old fish explaining what water is to you younger fish, please do not be† (The Wall Street Journal, 2008). The suspense blends well with the rest of speech as Wallace proceeds to shed more light on the essence of his speech. The suspense provides a foundation for the entire speech and grabs the audience’s attention as they try to connect the story to the rest of the speech. Providing a conclusion to the story would only reveal too much to the audience. As a result, the rest of the speech would not be intriguing. In addition, Wallace uses the fish story to draw attention to how humans overlook the most apparent things in life; in this case, these things are represented by water which is a common and basic commodity.

The Art of Sculpting :: Sculptures Greek Greece Essays

The Art of Sculpting Sculpting is the art of working with stone, bronze, and wood by chipping at it to form a beautiful piece of art. The art of sculpting was known thousands of years ago in the time of â€Å"THE OLD STONE AGE.† During this time the people thought that they would make the sculptures to praise their gods, kings, queens, and goddesses. The people also made sculptures of animals they believed that the animals would see this and protect them from other harmful animals. In the 7th century Assyrians became powerful and they to started inventing rich designs to decorate the walls of the palaces and temples. Then the Greek began there sculpting in the 6th century BC the sculptures of this time and place had there own way of art. They gave their pieces life by making the face of the person with a smile; they gave it arms and eyes rigid legs. The Greek wanted statues and stories of their gods to decorate the temples and other buildings. The Greeks were not interested in exact pictures. They made their figures godlike. When the Romans conquered the Greeks they themselves were conquered by Hellenistic art. With the downfall of Rome in AD 410 and the rise of Christianity sculpture declined. Early Christian carvings were only confined to decorations with hidden meaning. Roman art grew and it was called â€Å"Romanesque†. Sculptured scrolls and elongated figures enriched the doorways of churches, and the doors themselves were used as frames for sculptured pictures of the Bible stories. Sculpting grew more rapid into what was later called the â€Å" Gothic†, the Medieval. The sculptors became more skillful in carving human figures. Artists used animals and plant life for decorative details and ideas. In Italy the Gothic style underwent a change, called the â€Å"Renaissance† the rebirth of the classic. Sculptures reached great heights during the 15th century. The Renaissance spread throughout Western Europe and the art went with it. In the 17th century the Renaissance came to an end. The beautiful and unique sculptural style that followed it was called â€Å" baroque† meaning â€Å"false.

Implant tractable ID chips in newborn babies Essay

Our company’s idea to implant tractable ID chips in newborn babies offers a revolutionary approach to effectively combat the high incidences of abductions of newborns and children, a menace against which eve police forces are finding themselves helpless. Once the chip is placed within children, their every movement can be traced to exactitude using the GPRS technology, making their abduction and subsequent hiding a practically impossible task. Apart from this, these IDs would act as a database for these children, containing their relevant medical, physiological and personal details, with provisions of constant upgrades. Thus doctors needs to only access children’s ID to know their history of previous medical complications and treatments, police officers can easily trace parents of a lost child and parents can keep constant vigil on the movement of their children even from their workplace. However, there are many exacting complications in successful rollout of this idea. It can be safely assumed that this concept would come under severe moral, ethical, and religious censure through the entire world. Many, if not all, would form organizations and international groups to canvass on social and legal platforms against our proposal to ‘tag’ human infants, and doubts would be raised on even our integrity, commitment and sanity. Moreover, the thrust of objection and criticism is likely to come from our own scientific intelligentsia, religious and spiritual gurus, intellectuals and similar eminent personalities. These estimated objections and criticism are hardly a surprising possibility, given world’s historical anathema against every new scientific invention or discovery, any path-breaking medicinal technology, or even against any idea that appeared contrary to its set of framed ideas and concepts. History is replete with evidences that from the time of Archimedes to modern day age of cloning, people have always approached every major scientific and technological breakthrough with skepticism, incredulity and more than often, downright hostility. We can see how strong the sentiments ran when Copernicus presented the theory that its Sun that is at center of solar system, and not moon and that world is sphere shaped, against what world had been led to believe (Hall, 1954). Later Galileo was humiliated by Roman Church on the same issue. We further see the way almost entire educated western society rose against Charles Darwin for his theory of evolution through natural selection and the stringent social and religious criticism he was subjected to (Hall, 1954). Even Einstein, one of the greatest human brains of all times, was not spared from hostile criticism and rejection when he denied the existence of gravity in his general theory of relativity (Hawkins, 1988). Technological innovations and many scientific inventions were treated with similar aggressive denial and denunciation. Whether it was construction of railway locomotives, invention of telegraphs and telephones, constructions of dams, introduction of vaccination techniques, advent of contraceptive pills, gene therapy or subject of cloning and stem cell research, a significant section of society always protested and rejected the concept on plethora of supposedly ethical and moral grounds (Thomas, 2005). It is futile to say that each of these innovations contributed to further advancement and growth of human society. The reason of this persistent fear of new technological innovations is that they defy and sometimes even break the existing concepts, perceptions and notions. Often these concepts and perceptions are embedded part of a social culture, and therefore their rejection is construed as a planned attack by scientists and technicians on the very foundation of the culture (Lyne, 2005). We cannot flippantly dismiss their fears, and overlook their arguments just because they happen to contradict our idea. Instead, we need to reach out to people, address their every valid question and dispel their remotest of the doubts related to implant of IDs in newborn babies. My own understanding of the issue says that we should move ahead with project because when people are presented with rational arguments and valid answers to their queries, their gravest arguments turns in staunchest of the support. Indeed, one of their first objections we are likely to face is ethical as well as medical propriety of inserting an unnecessary foreign object in the fragile body of a newborn. But as we maintain, this implant is done for children’s own security and safety. Further, the chip is especially designed in such a way that its implant would cause minimum distress for child and the implant can be done by any surgeon through a very superficial incision. The presence or location of the chip may very well remain unknown to child unless specifically told. Of course, implanting a foreign object in human body in itself is no more an ethical issue, especially after advent of pacemakers and artificial limbs. Rather a valid query may concern the possible radiation effect of the chip on child’s developing body, and whether that this radiation would impede or in any way alter hormonal or chemical composition of the growing child. But as our repeated lab tests and years of experiments have shown, the chip does not interfere with human bio- chemical growth in any way. It stays in the body like a neutral object, deactivated unless recalled for. Even upon activation, the signals emitted by chip are no more harmful than the fields of electromagnetic radiation surrounding us every second of our life. The final debate around our proposed chip would center on moral and ethical issue of tagging children. Is it right to tag children like animals are tagged in zoo and safari and then observed? Further, when these children grow up, they might become uncomfortable with the idea of being watched or remotely tracked for their every movement, and may very likely treat this an infringement of their privacy. But in my opinion, these objections are specious, and deviating from our main issue- that of stopping crime and providing a safe and secure world for children. Parents, and later on Children, may be given the option to remove or manually deactivate the chip, when they start to feel that it is more a burden than as a benefit. However, for that time that it is there, it is the best way to ensure infants are secure, safe and sound under their parent’s, physicians and teacher’s constant observation. It is the best way to completely eliminate the threat of organized abduction industry, and certainly it is the surest way to ensure that no child goes every lost or missing. I would reiterate therefore we should confidently move ahead with this revolutionary idea and usher in the new era of human-technology integration.

Va Cnt Synthesis And Va Cnt Membrane Fabrication Procedures

VA CNT synthesis and VA CNT membrane fabrication procedures were followed from the protocols of our previous study [28]. VA CNT synthesis was based on the water vapor assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. VA CNTs were grown on a Fe (1.5 nm)/Al (15 nm)/Si wafer. After the coating, the Si wafer was cut into rectangular chips, with the dimension of 9 mm width and 9 mm length, and the chopped chips were inserted in a cylindrical electric furnace of a CVD machine. Carbon source was high-purity ethylene gas (99.99%) at a flow rate of 100 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute indicating cc/min at a standard temperature and pressure). Argon (99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 300 sccm. Hydrogen gas (99.999%, 200 sccm) and water vapor (50 sccm) by argon purging were added to the gases stream. Reaction was performed at 750 Â °C for 40 min. The interstitial space between the synthesized VA CNTs was filled in a mold with CRP 7005B urethane monomer (TL, Yongin, Korea) and ethanol in a volume ratio of 3:7. Ethanol was used as the densification agent and inducer for urethane monomer filling the interstitial space between CNTs. After infiltration, CRP 7005B monomer was crosslinked in the interstitial space of CNTs at 40 Â °C for 12 h. After the crosslinking, the top and bottom of the CNT membrane were cut by a microtome to open the CNT’s caps, and the membrane edge was extended by additional crosslinking by different urethane monomers (UC-40 A, B, Cytec,

Essay on Two Gentle People by Graham Greene

Essay on Two Gentle People by Graham Greene Greene, Graham.  Collected Short Stories: Twenty-one Stories: a Sense of Reality: May We Borrow Your Husband? London: Penguin, 2000. The author of this book is a notable writer who explores the ambivalent moral and political contentious issues in the current world. His collection of short stories and plays revolves around the contemporary issues of love, sexual desire and obsession. The author highlights the environment that we live while associating with the people we love or those we admire and lust after. Among his many stories, Two gentlemen, The invincible Japanese Gentlemen† and Awful when you think of it often have interrelating themes. The writer quotes the Japanese words she used to tests his wife’s attention, I wonder what all those Japanese are dooming here? The wife in her absent- minded state could not recognize Japanese presence. To this the writer is trying to portray misunderstanding among couples which results to separation. The author analyses the relationship between love and obsession which often result in mixed outcomes in most relationship. This book will help in my research of understanding the reason behind misunderstanding among married couples. The tool of communication will form the basis of my analysis on the manner it is utilized to enhance healthy communication. Quoting from one of his many stories, I was only thinking that things might have been different, he said. It was the biggest protest he had ever allowed himself to make against the condition of life. The issue of regret arises in a relationship .It will assist in analyzing the impact of regret in any decision making among partners and how to retract from the mistakes. Furthermore, relating The Story May we borrow your husband with the story on Two gentle people it will give a strong insight to understand the irony behind obsession of a person’s partner and the effect when marriage flops. The mental attitude when faced in a marriage dilemma will influence my research in finding the appropriate approach to marriage misfortunes. Kaul, Sheetal. Gamut of man-woman relationship in Graham Greene’s two gentle people.  Go articles  (2009), 7  Nov.  2013. This article highlights the mental attitude of a spouse who feels inadequate in his or her marriage. Greene highlights the psychological torture of two people, Henry Greaves and Marie Claire; at their middle-age whose marriages are devastating. Their predicaments result in bondage of sympathy to eliminate solitude. The author portrays the risk that waits both of them as their bondage gets stronger only for a while before they realize that their hearts are engaged elsewhere. Dissatisfaction in different scenarios brings two different people together. The author symbolically explains the route to prevalence of infidelity. A sense of gentleness is revealed through Henry when he ponders about his action not to forge forward towards Marie. He ponders What is cowardice in young is wisdom in old .He feels that his wisdom has ashamed him before Marie. The writer describes the indifference experienced by spouses with suffering engagements whether to breach their vows or maintain their commitment hopeful that their shaking marriages will stand strong. In this article, Graham reveals of a rare scenario of people whose conscience is in tandem with their actions and the consequences there of. This article will be very helpful in my research in analyzing the prevalence of infidelity in marriage. Studies have revealed that Hiv/Aids is prevalent. Among married partners .One of the main reasons as portrayed in Grahams Story is consolation through friends. Marriage partners choose to their marriage predicaments through friends in secluded venues where sympathy mood dominates the talk leading to unplanned intimacy. To fully understand this problem, I will delve into details of why partners prefer to exhale their sufferings to friends rather than relatives who pose amore concerning environment and less risky. Leah, Gordon. A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel. By Bernard Bergonzi.  Heythrop Journal a Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Theology  (2010) The article evaluates the consistent themes of love, obsession and lust involved in marriage .The writer highlights the threats associated with any marriage. For instance In his story, May we borrow your husband Graham portrays that lust for the married people is rampant .Marriage partners betray each other because of lust I the other story Two gentle people, The author introduces a rare group of people who exercise self –control against their body desires. He describes of bondage between partners who unite from different circumstances but allow their sanity to overcome their body desires. This is different from other real life experiences where couples seek sympathy from their friends and admirers resulting in infidelity. This article will be very important in my research of correlating love, lust and obsession among married couples and the engaged ones. This trend has rapidly increased leading to prevalence of sexual infectious diseases and Hiv/Aids among married couples. Obsession is the basis of infidelity among couples. They practice without their partners’ knowledge and infect their partners. Love has been used as a shield to infidelity in the current society. Works cited Greene, Graham.  Collected Short Stories: Twenty-one Stories: a Sense of Reality: May We Borrow Your Husband? London: Penguin, 2000. Kaul, Sheetal. Gamut of man-woman relationship in Graham Greene’s two gentle people.  Go articles  (2009), 7  Nov.  2013. Leah, Gordon. A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel. By Bernard Bergonzi.  Heythrop Journal-a Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Theology  (2010)

Brave New World, And 1984 Replace The Existence Of God

Throughout history, most religions have created a belief system where people are free to worship and praise God s existence, as well as acknowledge that they are constantly being watched by him. This confidence in God creates a sense of security and hope for the community that there is a purpose for their existence, and the world does not come to a tragic end after death. Yevgeny Zamyatin, Aldous Huxley, and George Orwell, authors of WE, Brave New World, and 1984 replace the existence of God with leaders or objects that symbolize their new â€Å"God†. Although the concepts of adoration and complete omniscience are still relevant throughout these novels, the â€Å"God’s† created are merely based off of the governments beliefs and tactics. In these novels, the faces of God are simply the government in disguise; giving the people a sense of comfort by seeing intangible figures and faces, parallel to their old Gods. There is an innate inclination to believe in someth ing larger than oneself, hence why the people are forced to believe in these government aliases. In each of the novels, the authors develop governments that create belief systems to match up with their ultimate goals, as well as to execute control, thereby keeping themselves in the seat of absolute power. In WE, Zamyatin creates a society known as One State that revolves not around the individual, but around the collective we, with the Benefactor in God-like status at the center. The Benefactor possesses qualities that theShow MoreRelatedMartin Buber5681 Words   |  23 Pagespractical, realistic workers who would create a utopian world. In fact, this dichotomy which began in the Renaissance and became a gaping wound in the 17th and 18th centuries as we embraced science and reason as our god, has allowed for 20th century aberrations like Hitler and his Aryan ubermenchen or Stalin and his totalitarian state. 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Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements Free Essays

Outline the current legislation and organisational requirements that governs(a) reporting, recording and confidentiality(b)health and safety(c)risk management(d)recording/reporting compliments and complaints(e) dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse. (ref. HSC22 q4. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements or any similar topic only for you Order Now HSC21 q 4,5. Reporting, recording and confidentiality – The Data Protection Act 1998 relates to information held about an individual. This includes medical records or social services files – anything which is personal data (facts and opinions about an individual). All information, however it is stored, is subject to the rules laid down in the Act. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight principles of good practice. The Data must be: 1. Fairly and lawfully processed 2. Used for limited purposes 3. Not excessive but adequate and relevant 4. Not kept for longer than necessary 5. Accurate 6. Kept secure 7. processed taking into account the individuals rights 8. Not transferred to another country that cannot maintain the confidentiality of the information. Individuals are entitled to see information about themselves, but they cannot see any part of their record which relates to someone else. Individuals are entitled to be told if any personal information is held about them. Health and safety – The HSE (Health and Safety Executive) is the UK government body responsible for enforcing health and safety at work legislation. The HSE also plays a major role in producing advice on health and safety issues, and guidance on relevant legislation. The role of enforcement is split between HSE and local authorities depending on the business sector. In addition, HSE conducts research into the effectiveness of regulations and other health and safety issues, consults with employers and employees representatives, and advises legislators and government on health and safety. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Often referred to as HASAW or HSW, this Act of Parliament is the main piece of UK health and safety legislation. It places a duty on all employers â€Å"to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work† of all their employees. Risk Management – This Risk Management Standard is the result of work by a team drawn from the major risk management organisations in the UK – The Institute of Risk Management (IRM),The Association of Insurance and Risk Managers (AIRMIC) and ALARM The National Forum for Risk Management in the Public Sector. In decision making, there’s usually some degree of uncertainty, which inevitably leads to risk. By evaluating the risk involved with various options, you can determine whether the risk is manageable. Risk analysis helps you look at risks objectively. It uses a structured approach for assessing threats, and for evaluating the probability of events occurring – and what they might cost to manage. An organized and systematic decision-making process usually leads to better decisions. Without a well-defined process, you risk making decisions that are based on insufficient information and analysis. Many variables affect the final impact of your decision. However, if you establish strong foundations for decision making, generate good alternatives, evaluate these alternatives rigorously, and then check your decision-making process, you will improve the quality of your decisions. Recording/reporting compliments and complaints – My aim is to listen to and act on the views and concerns of Individuals and to encourage discussion and action on issues raised before they develop into problems and formal complaints. My management welcome comments and suggestions from Individuals and their representatives, friends and relatives. Positive comments help to build on successes, but we can also learn from comments which are critical. It is best to look into all comments or complaints as quickly as possible and to provide a satisfactory response. Dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse – Information about abuse I suspect, or situations I am working with which are ‘high risk’, must be recorded after being reported to my supervisor. My supervisor will be responsible for passing on the information, if necessary. Sometimes my information may need to be included in an individual’s plan of care or personal records, particularly if I have noticed a change in the way he or she is cared for, or if his/her behaviour could be an ‘early warning’ that the care team need to be especially observant. My workplace may have a special report form for recording causes for concern. If not, i should write my report, making sure I include the following: †¢What happened to make me concerned †¢Who I am concerned about †¢Whether this links to anything I have noticed previously †¢What needs to happen next I should discuss my report and my concerns with my supervisor and colleagues. I must report anything unusual that I notice, even if I think it is too small to be important. It is the small details which make the whole picture. Teamwork and good communication are vitally important. How to cite Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements, Essay examples

Arts and Humanities Questions Essay Example For Students

Arts and Humanities Questions Essay Thematically, Dents stories are about the unification of faith and reason with the characters Virgil and Beatrice, is the Same as Chartres Cathedrals sculpture and art on the stain glass. Both works show our relationship to God and educates us as a result Of sin how we can make up for sins and where we go when we are sinless. The Divine Comedy is composed of three cantatas- Inferno (Hell), Purgatory (Purgatory), and Paradise (Paradise) - composed each Of 33 cantos. The very first canto serves as an introduction to the poem and is generally not considered to be part of the first cantina, bringing the total number of cantos to 100. Inferno (Hell): First Circle (Limbo): uninhabited and the virtuous pagans, who didnt accept Christ. Second Circle: lustful ,Third Circle: gluttons, Fourth Circle: materialistic people, Fifth Circle: wrathful and the sullen or slothful people, Sixth Circle. Heretics, Seventh Circle: the violent, divided into three rings, Outer) the violent against people and property, (Middle) the people who commit suicide, and (Inner) the violent against God (blasphemers), the violent against nature (sodomites), and the violent against art (usurers), Eighth Circle: The fraudulent-those guilty to deliberate, knowing evil-divided into ten oblige: Bolivia l: panderers and seducers, Bolivia 2: Flatterers, Bolivia 3: simonizes, Bolivia 4: Sorcerers and false prophets, Bolivia 5: Corrupt politicians (vibrators), Bolivia 6: Hypocrites and liars, Bolivia Thieves, Bolivia 8: V-redundant advisors, Bolivia 9: sewers of discord, Bolivia 10: falsifiers (alchemists, counterfeiters, perjurers, ND impersonators) Ninth Circle. Traitors, the circle is divided into four concentric zones: Zone 1: traitors to their kindred, Zone 2: traitors to political entities, such as party, city, or country, Zone 3: Traitors to their guests, Zone 4. Traitors to their lords and benefactors: Satan, who has three faces, one red, one black, and one a pale yellow, each having a mouth that chews on a prominent traitor: sinners in the mouths of Satan are Brutes and Cassias in the left and right mouths, respectively, Who were involved in the assassination Of Julius Caesar and Judas Chariot in the central, most vicious mouth, who betrayed Jesus. The Terraces of Purgatory: First Terrace: the proud, Second Terrace: the envious, Third Terrace: the wrathful, Fourth Terrace: the slothful Fifth Terrace. The avaricious and prodigal, Sixth Terrace: the gluttonous, Seventh Terrace: the lustful The ascent of the mountain culminates at the summit, which is in fact the Garden of Eden. This place is meant to return one to a state of innocence that existed before the sin of Adam and Eve caused the fall from grace. Paradise: The nine spheres, First Sphere. The sphere of the Moon is that of souls who abandoned their vows, Second Sphere: The sphere of Mercury is that of souls ho did good out tot desire tort tame, Third Sphere: The sphere to Venus is that of souls who did good out of love, Fourth Sphere: The sphere of the Sun is that of souls of the wise, Fifth Sphere: The sphere of Mars is that of souls who fought for Christianity, Sixth Sphere: The sphere of Jupiter is that of souls who personified justice, Seventh Sphere: The sphere of Saturn is that of the contemplative, Eighth Sphere: The sphere of fixed stars is the abode of all the blessed, g, Ninth Sphere. The Premium Mobiles the abode of angels, and from the Premium Mobile, Dante ascends to a region beyond physical existence, called the Empyrean, here he comes face-to-face with God. Chartres Cathedral: The plan is cruciform, With a 427-foot long nave, and short transepts to the south and north. The east end is rounded with an ambulatory which has five semi-circular chapels radiat ing from it. The cathedral extensively used flying buttresses in its original plan, and these supported the weight of the extremely high vaults. The new High Gothic cathedral at Chartres used 4 rib vaults in a rectangular space. The cathedral has three large rose windows: one on the west front with a theme of The Last Judgment; one on the north transept with a theme of the Glorification of the Virgin; and one on the south transept with a theme of the Glorification of Christ. On the doors and porches medieval carvings of statues holding swords, crosses, books and trade tools parade around the portals, their expressions as clear today as when first carved 700 years ago. The sculptures on the west facade depict Chrisms ascension into heaven, episodes from his life, saints, apostles, Christ in the lap of Mary and other religious scenes. Below the religious figures are statues of kings and queens, which is the reason why this entrance is known as the royal portal. While these figures are based on figures from the Old Testament, they ere also regarded as images of current kings and queens when they were constructed. The symbolism of showing royalty displayed slightly lower than the religious sculptures, but still very close, implies the relationship between the kings and God. It is a way of displaying the authority of royalty, showing them so close to figures Of Christ, it gives the impression they have been Ordained and put in place by God. Sculptures of the Seven Liberal Arts appeared in the archivist Of the right bay Of the Royal Portal, Which represented the school at Chartres. 2. ) Agitator used illusionary devises, had a single point Of view, there baas a allegations to us, a single light source, and a sense of gravity. The 6th century had no illusionary devises, had multiple point of views, there was no relationship to us, and a sense of floating (iconic). (Contrast Madonna in Throne to Good Sheppard or Mosaics) Early Renaissance artists like Mosaic( The Holy Trinity with the Virgin SST. John or Madonna Enthroned) and Antenna ( The Dead Christ or SST. James being lead to His Execution) create paintings that look like a window looking out on the world, while Bottling (Primeval), Piper Della Francesca (Baptism of Christ), and Domenici Venetians (Madonna Child with Saints) rate paintings achieve harmony of regular, clear, and proportionate relations not evident in nature. The most obvious ones to do are The Dead Christ (realistic) and Madonna Child with Saints (Idealistic) High Renaissance artists like Dad Vinci or Raphael combine idealism and naturalism, achieve it by linear perspective and increased knowledge of the human anatomy. Natural Sciences: Question I: One of Aquinas theories on the earths mobility is that circular motion is not the proper motion of the earth. He argued that rectilinear motion is the proper motion of the Earths enactment. If it were to move circularly, it loud be violent motion. Denying the antecedent on fixed stars, Aquinas argued suppose the earth moves, then the fixed stars would not appear to rise and set. They do appear to rise and set, therefore the earth does not move. Three arguments Burundi uses to counter Aquinas are I) Relativistic argument Of 2 ships: Motion obstacles sphere (east to west) or earth (west to east). If you are on a ship that is moving and you see another ship moving at same speed both Will appear to be stopped. Fifth other ship starts to move, you wont know bayou are moving or if they are moving. Similarly with the earth and fixed stars are moving r the earth moves. 2) Aesthetics, rest vs Motion. It is more noble and perfect to be at rest. To celestial bodies ought to be attributed the nobler conditions, and to the highest sphere the noblest. Therefore, the higher sphere ought to be at rest. 3) Appearances, resistance of air if earth were moving, we would feel the wind moving just as if we were riding horseback; we dont feel wind on a windless day, therefore the earth isnt moving. Rise to universities: Elementary education of Latin, art of chanting, and arithmetic brought about demand for higher education. The cities to Bologna, Paris, and Oxford became centers for higher earning, Universities came into being when teachers would teach one pupil or a small group of pupils for a tee. Education was in high demand and as the number of students increased, a need to organize became necessary. Guilds of teachers and students were formed and they called them universities (university), which simply denoted a group of people seeking common ends. In contrast, the Renaissance humanities returned to teaching the classics history, poetry and art and utilizing texts from the source, not annotated texts. Question I: Augustine politics: Church brings people into the city of God. State retrains people in the city Of the world. If a person is in the city Of God then they honor the state because they can use it for happiness. Summary of City of God (politics): The idea of the two cities is as follows. The city of God consists of those who will enjoy eternal happiness with God in heaven, the earthly city of those who will not. The city of God is not identical with the Church, since not all members of the Church will be saved, During this age, before the Day of Judgment, the members of the two cities are mixed in together, no one knows with certainty who are the elect. Although, Augustine sometimes seems o identity/ Rome as the earthly city, at least in later sections of the book the earthly city is not identified with any particular state, Members of both the city to God and the earthly city will be among the citizens to any particular state. The members of the two cities have different ultimate values but have many intermediate ends in common for example, they both desire worldly peace. So far as any particular state serves such common ends it will have the cooperation of members of the city of God. Like Plato and Aristotle, Augustine was no admirer of militarism or empire. Peace is one of his favorite themes. Love of glory or honor is not a virtue but a vice, according to Augustine; yet politically it has similar effects to virtue: love of honor inhibits other vices. In this respect it is an image or imitation or likeness of real virtue. Augustine philosophy was much influenced by neo-Patriotism_ Plato distinguished especially between two levels of reality: the Forms, and the things of our experience, which imitate or resemble the Forms in an inferior way _ The neo-Patients extended this to many levels: Reality has many levels, each of which is a reflection or imitation of the level above it. This makes Augustine perhaps surprisingly tolerant Of lower things: the lower levels are not merely evil; they are an imperfect imitation of higher levels. The virtue Of the ancient Romans was inferior, but it was worth something. Augustine is more realistic than many of the Stoic writers, who identified virtue and happiness; or perhaps we should say that Augustine is using happiness to mean something close to what we mean by it, and acknowledging that virtue cannot guarantee happiness in that sense. Augustine says When virtues are genuine virtues and that is possible only when men believe in God they make o pretence of protecting their possessors from unhappiness, for that would be a false promise; but they do claim that human life, now compelled to feel the misery to so many grievous ills on earth, can, by the hope to heaven, be made both happy and secure On earth we are happy, after a fashion, when we enjoy the peace, little as it is, which a good life brings; but such happiness compared with the beatitude which is our end in eternity is, in point of fact, misery. Augustine believed if there had been no sin (if the Fall had not taken place, and mankind had continued in the original state of innocence) the institutions of overspent and slavery would not have existed. Christians participate in the earthly city, and value its peace. The idea of order: one thing is under another, exists for the sake of another, and must obey another Charles v EssayIn the beginning there were created a few species of beings which, by virtue of intrinsic principles of reproduction, gave origin to the other species down to the present state of the existing world. Thus it seems that Augustine is not contrary to a moderate evolution, but that such a moderate evolution has nothing in common with modern materialistic evolutionist teaching. Connected with the creation of the world is the problem of time, for time has its beginning with creation. But vatu is time? What is its real nature? Augustine observes that time is essentially constituted Of a past, a present, and a future; without this division it would be impossible to speak of time. But the past is not existent, for it has passed; nor does the future exist, for it has yet to come; the present is the moment Which joins the past with the future. Now it would be foolish to deny the reality of time. We speak Of time as long or short, and that Which has no reality cannot be either long or short. To solve the difficulty Augustine has recourse to the intellective memory, which records the past and foresees the future. Thus both the past and he future are made present to the memory, and here time finds its reality of length and brevity. For Augustine, then, as the Scholastics were to say later, time is a being of reason with a foundation in things which through becoming offer to the mind the concept of time as past, present, and future. Psychology Augustine affirms the absolute unity and the spirituality of the human soul, And yet, considering Augustine Platonic tendency, the union of the soul with the body is somewhat extrinsic. In regard to the origin of the soul, Augustine teaching varies from creationism to traditionalism. According to creationism, God creates the soul of each man immediately in the very moment it comes to animate the body. On the other hand, according to traditionalism the soul of every man proceeds from the souls of the parents. Augustine, for polemical motives in his controversy with Pillages (who denied original sin), leans toward transudations In regard to the nature of the soul he affirms that the soul is simple and immortal. The sensitive soul, besides having the five senses, is endowed also with a sensitive cognition which is Common to animals and which judges the proper object of each of the senses. The intellective soul has here functions: being, understanding, and loving, corresponding to three faculties: intellective memory, intelligence, and will. The primacy among these three faculties is given to the Will, Which in man signifies love. The Will Of man is free. United to the question of the liberty of man is the problem of evil, which for many years tormented the mind of Augustine. Three kinds of evil can be distinguished: metaphysical, physical, and moral, and each of them consists in a deficiency in being a descent toward non. Being. Metaphysical evil is the lacking off perfection not due to a given nature and hence is not actually an evil. Lender this aspect, all creatures are evil because they fall short full perfection, which is God alone, Physical evil consists in the privation of a perfection due to nature; e. G. , blindness is the privation of sight in a being which ought to have sight according to the exigencies of its nature, Augustine, under Platonic and Sort_ influence, justifies the presence to physical evil in the general order to nature, in which dissonance serves to greater accentuate the general harmony, The solution, certainly, is not very pleasant The only true evil is moral evil: sin, an action contrary to the will of Cod. The cause of moral evil is not Cod, who is infinite holiness, nor is it matter, as the Platonist would have it, for matter is a creature of God and hence good Neither is the will as a faculty of the soul evil, for it too has been created by God. The cause of moral evil is the faculty of free will, by which man is able to deviate from the right order, to oppose himself to the will of God Such opposition gives moral evil reality negative, metaphysical reality in the sense of decadence of the order established by God, and hence decadence of being or descent toward non-being. Sin, from the very fact that it is decadence Of being, carries in itself its own punishment. By sinning man injures himself in his being for he falls from what he ought to be. As a result of this fall there exist the sufferings Which he must bear, such as remorse in the present life, and the sufferings which God has established in the life to come for those Who violate the laws laid down by His Will. V. Liberty and Grace Augustine sustained a long debate against Plagiarism. Pillages, who gave origin to the heresy which bore his name, held that the freedom of the human will is a gift of God, a grace of God. But from the moment he has received free will man no longer has need of further graces to attain his moral perfection: the powers of his nature are sufficient for this. Human nature has not been corrupted by original sin, but remains integral, and is able of itself to attain the perfection that is due to it, Augustine hence found it necessary to defend orthodox doctrine regarding both the redemptive work to Christ and the necessity to grace tort attaining moral perfection, The teaching of Augustine is summarized in the following points: ; Adam was created by God in integrity of nature, and was rather enriched with preternatural and supernatural gifts. ; Although more inclined to good than to evil, there remained in Adam the possibility of committing sin. ; Adam abused this power and sinned, and since in him were the beginnings of all mankind, all humanity has sinned with him. Thus evil took its beginning with original sin As a consequence of original sin, the human race has not only been deprived of preternatural and supernatural gifts, but the Whole Of nature has been upset, so that after original sin man is naturally unable not to sin. Christ, by his death on the cross, has remedied this disorder. But if the Redemption worked by Christ has given us once more the possibility of regaining supernatural goods, still has not restored to us the preternatural gifts. It has left human nature unchanged from what it was a consequence of sin; all the sufferings which entered the world with original sin remain as a means of purification and mortification. Hence, granted this natural weakness of human nature, the will, in order to attain moral perfection, needs grace. Now grace comes from God and is external to the will. How is grace to be reconciled with liberty? This was one of the problems which stubbed the mind of Augustine, and he, in order to uphold the efficacy of grace, neglected the second element, liberty. VI. Ethics We have already had occasion to explain certain basic points of Augustine moral or ethical doctrine when we spoke of the human will as the sole cause of moral evil, Augustine theory concerning evil is his greatest philosophic- theological discovery particularly his distinction between metaphysical evil, which is a deficiency or lack of being, and moral evil, which is a deficiency or lack of good. Another important point in Augustine moral teaching is his doctrine f voluntarism, or the primacy of the will over the intellect. The will is love, and according to Augustine it is necessary to love in order to know, and not vice versa, The primacy of the will is the intrinsic law of being, which finds its first actuation in God, who has created out of love. This love or desire reaches down even to inferior beings, in which it is manifested as instinct and blind appetitive or appetite. Since the first love must be love of God, and all other loves must be subordinated to this first love, Augustine teaches that love signifies order. Action is activity according to love. Any sin is an act of hatred, for sin is separation (aversion) from the order or love Which has its center in God. Because sin is an act of hate, the man who sins, not being able to destroy the order established by God, harms himself and falls from his being. Every good action is an action according to love: Love, says Augustine, and do what you wish Ama et face quad visa. The voluntarism of Augustine indicates the clear separation of the Latin ethical concept from the Greek. Greek genius, theoretical, speculative, creator of philosophy, makes the intellect conscience the basis of morality; theory takes precedence over practice. Augustine, representing the genius of Rome, which loved the practical and active life, and created law, defends the greater value of activity over speculation, prefers fact to theory, and hence the primacy tooth will over the intellect. The voluntarism of Augustine found in the Middle Ages great champions in the mystics and in the Franciscan School, VI. Politics: The City of God Augustine wrote his masterpiece, The City of Cod, while the Roman empire was falling into ruin under the barbarian invasions and the Church was rising from the imperial remains There was need of justifying these two events, which disturbed the spirits not only of pagans but of believers as well. With this purpose in mind, Augustine undertook his work, Vichy can be considered the first in the philosophy of history. Augustine view of the history of humanity is organic and unified, but it is also ascetic and Christian. Christ is the very soul Of history. The coming of Christ presupposes another truth of Christianity, original sin. In consequence Of original sin, men are divided into two distinct cities: one Of God, the other earthly. Both, however, are at the service of Christ. The people of Israel represented the city Of God, prior to the coming Of Christ; the earthly city was represented by the Roman empire. The two cities had a different purpose, the one religious and the other political. The first had the task of preparing for the coming of Christ with prophecies; the second was to prepare for his coming politically. After the coming of Christ and the founding of the Church, the purpose of the Roman empire had been fulfilled, and hence it fell under the assaults of the barbarians. If in the Christian era the Church represents the city of God, moral evil, wherever it be found, will be the representative of the earthly, the satanic city. These two cities now are politically unsaturated and only religiously diverse, for the Church has a universal task and must embrace the elect and the predestined to all times and to all races. The complete division will be made on the Great Sabbath, when the good will he made eternal citizens of the city of God, the eternal Jerusalem, and the evil will be confined forever to the city of Satan, hell, But who are those who will end in glory and who will end in torment?