Essay on Two Gentle People by Graham Greene

Essay on Two Gentle People by Graham Greene Greene, Graham.  Collected Short Stories: Twenty-one Stories: a Sense of Reality: May We Borrow Your Husband? London: Penguin, 2000. The author of this book is a notable writer who explores the ambivalent moral and political contentious issues in the current world. His collection of short stories and plays revolves around the contemporary issues of love, sexual desire and obsession. The author highlights the environment that we live while associating with the people we love or those we admire and lust after. Among his many stories, Two gentlemen, The invincible Japanese Gentlemen† and Awful when you think of it often have interrelating themes. The writer quotes the Japanese words she used to tests his wife’s attention, I wonder what all those Japanese are dooming here? The wife in her absent- minded state could not recognize Japanese presence. To this the writer is trying to portray misunderstanding among couples which results to separation. The author analyses the relationship between love and obsession which often result in mixed outcomes in most relationship. This book will help in my research of understanding the reason behind misunderstanding among married couples. The tool of communication will form the basis of my analysis on the manner it is utilized to enhance healthy communication. Quoting from one of his many stories, I was only thinking that things might have been different, he said. It was the biggest protest he had ever allowed himself to make against the condition of life. The issue of regret arises in a relationship .It will assist in analyzing the impact of regret in any decision making among partners and how to retract from the mistakes. Furthermore, relating The Story May we borrow your husband with the story on Two gentle people it will give a strong insight to understand the irony behind obsession of a person’s partner and the effect when marriage flops. The mental attitude when faced in a marriage dilemma will influence my research in finding the appropriate approach to marriage misfortunes. Kaul, Sheetal. Gamut of man-woman relationship in Graham Greene’s two gentle people.  Go articles  (2009), 7  Nov.  2013. This article highlights the mental attitude of a spouse who feels inadequate in his or her marriage. Greene highlights the psychological torture of two people, Henry Greaves and Marie Claire; at their middle-age whose marriages are devastating. Their predicaments result in bondage of sympathy to eliminate solitude. The author portrays the risk that waits both of them as their bondage gets stronger only for a while before they realize that their hearts are engaged elsewhere. Dissatisfaction in different scenarios brings two different people together. The author symbolically explains the route to prevalence of infidelity. A sense of gentleness is revealed through Henry when he ponders about his action not to forge forward towards Marie. He ponders What is cowardice in young is wisdom in old .He feels that his wisdom has ashamed him before Marie. The writer describes the indifference experienced by spouses with suffering engagements whether to breach their vows or maintain their commitment hopeful that their shaking marriages will stand strong. In this article, Graham reveals of a rare scenario of people whose conscience is in tandem with their actions and the consequences there of. This article will be very helpful in my research in analyzing the prevalence of infidelity in marriage. Studies have revealed that Hiv/Aids is prevalent. Among married partners .One of the main reasons as portrayed in Grahams Story is consolation through friends. Marriage partners choose to their marriage predicaments through friends in secluded venues where sympathy mood dominates the talk leading to unplanned intimacy. To fully understand this problem, I will delve into details of why partners prefer to exhale their sufferings to friends rather than relatives who pose amore concerning environment and less risky. Leah, Gordon. A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel. By Bernard Bergonzi.  Heythrop Journal a Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Theology  (2010) The article evaluates the consistent themes of love, obsession and lust involved in marriage .The writer highlights the threats associated with any marriage. For instance In his story, May we borrow your husband Graham portrays that lust for the married people is rampant .Marriage partners betray each other because of lust I the other story Two gentle people, The author introduces a rare group of people who exercise self –control against their body desires. He describes of bondage between partners who unite from different circumstances but allow their sanity to overcome their body desires. This is different from other real life experiences where couples seek sympathy from their friends and admirers resulting in infidelity. This article will be very important in my research of correlating love, lust and obsession among married couples and the engaged ones. This trend has rapidly increased leading to prevalence of sexual infectious diseases and Hiv/Aids among married couples. Obsession is the basis of infidelity among couples. They practice without their partners’ knowledge and infect their partners. Love has been used as a shield to infidelity in the current society. Works cited Greene, Graham.  Collected Short Stories: Twenty-one Stories: a Sense of Reality: May We Borrow Your Husband? London: Penguin, 2000. Kaul, Sheetal. Gamut of man-woman relationship in Graham Greene’s two gentle people.  Go articles  (2009), 7  Nov.  2013. Leah, Gordon. A Study in Greene: Graham Greene and the Art of the Novel. By Bernard Bergonzi.  Heythrop Journal-a Quarterly Review of Philosophy and Theology  (2010)

Brave New World, And 1984 Replace The Existence Of God

Throughout history, most religions have created a belief system where people are free to worship and praise God s existence, as well as acknowledge that they are constantly being watched by him. This confidence in God creates a sense of security and hope for the community that there is a purpose for their existence, and the world does not come to a tragic end after death. Yevgeny Zamyatin, Aldous Huxley, and George Orwell, authors of WE, Brave New World, and 1984 replace the existence of God with leaders or objects that symbolize their new â€Å"God†. Although the concepts of adoration and complete omniscience are still relevant throughout these novels, the â€Å"God’s† created are merely based off of the governments beliefs and tactics. In these novels, the faces of God are simply the government in disguise; giving the people a sense of comfort by seeing intangible figures and faces, parallel to their old Gods. There is an innate inclination to believe in someth ing larger than oneself, hence why the people are forced to believe in these government aliases. In each of the novels, the authors develop governments that create belief systems to match up with their ultimate goals, as well as to execute control, thereby keeping themselves in the seat of absolute power. In WE, Zamyatin creates a society known as One State that revolves not around the individual, but around the collective we, with the Benefactor in God-like status at the center. The Benefactor possesses qualities that theShow MoreRelatedMartin Buber5681 Words   |  23 Pagespractical, realistic workers who would create a utopian world. In fact, this dichotomy which began in the Renaissance and became a gaping wound in the 17th and 18th centuries as we embraced science and reason as our god, has allowed for 20th century aberrations like Hitler and his Aryan ubermenchen or Stalin and his totalitarian state. 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Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements Free Essays

Outline the current legislation and organisational requirements that governs(a) reporting, recording and confidentiality(b)health and safety(c)risk management(d)recording/reporting compliments and complaints(e) dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse. (ref. HSC22 q4. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements or any similar topic only for you Order Now HSC21 q 4,5. Reporting, recording and confidentiality – The Data Protection Act 1998 relates to information held about an individual. This includes medical records or social services files – anything which is personal data (facts and opinions about an individual). All information, however it is stored, is subject to the rules laid down in the Act. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight principles of good practice. The Data must be: 1. Fairly and lawfully processed 2. Used for limited purposes 3. Not excessive but adequate and relevant 4. Not kept for longer than necessary 5. Accurate 6. Kept secure 7. processed taking into account the individuals rights 8. Not transferred to another country that cannot maintain the confidentiality of the information. Individuals are entitled to see information about themselves, but they cannot see any part of their record which relates to someone else. Individuals are entitled to be told if any personal information is held about them. Health and safety – The HSE (Health and Safety Executive) is the UK government body responsible for enforcing health and safety at work legislation. The HSE also plays a major role in producing advice on health and safety issues, and guidance on relevant legislation. The role of enforcement is split between HSE and local authorities depending on the business sector. In addition, HSE conducts research into the effectiveness of regulations and other health and safety issues, consults with employers and employees representatives, and advises legislators and government on health and safety. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Often referred to as HASAW or HSW, this Act of Parliament is the main piece of UK health and safety legislation. It places a duty on all employers â€Å"to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work† of all their employees. Risk Management – This Risk Management Standard is the result of work by a team drawn from the major risk management organisations in the UK – The Institute of Risk Management (IRM),The Association of Insurance and Risk Managers (AIRMIC) and ALARM The National Forum for Risk Management in the Public Sector. In decision making, there’s usually some degree of uncertainty, which inevitably leads to risk. By evaluating the risk involved with various options, you can determine whether the risk is manageable. Risk analysis helps you look at risks objectively. It uses a structured approach for assessing threats, and for evaluating the probability of events occurring – and what they might cost to manage. An organized and systematic decision-making process usually leads to better decisions. Without a well-defined process, you risk making decisions that are based on insufficient information and analysis. Many variables affect the final impact of your decision. However, if you establish strong foundations for decision making, generate good alternatives, evaluate these alternatives rigorously, and then check your decision-making process, you will improve the quality of your decisions. Recording/reporting compliments and complaints – My aim is to listen to and act on the views and concerns of Individuals and to encourage discussion and action on issues raised before they develop into problems and formal complaints. My management welcome comments and suggestions from Individuals and their representatives, friends and relatives. Positive comments help to build on successes, but we can also learn from comments which are critical. It is best to look into all comments or complaints as quickly as possible and to provide a satisfactory response. Dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse – Information about abuse I suspect, or situations I am working with which are ‘high risk’, must be recorded after being reported to my supervisor. My supervisor will be responsible for passing on the information, if necessary. Sometimes my information may need to be included in an individual’s plan of care or personal records, particularly if I have noticed a change in the way he or she is cared for, or if his/her behaviour could be an ‘early warning’ that the care team need to be especially observant. My workplace may have a special report form for recording causes for concern. If not, i should write my report, making sure I include the following: †¢What happened to make me concerned †¢Who I am concerned about †¢Whether this links to anything I have noticed previously †¢What needs to happen next I should discuss my report and my concerns with my supervisor and colleagues. I must report anything unusual that I notice, even if I think it is too small to be important. It is the small details which make the whole picture. Teamwork and good communication are vitally important. How to cite Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements, Essay examples

Arts and Humanities Questions Essay Example For Students

Arts and Humanities Questions Essay Thematically, Dents stories are about the unification of faith and reason with the characters Virgil and Beatrice, is the Same as Chartres Cathedrals sculpture and art on the stain glass. Both works show our relationship to God and educates us as a result Of sin how we can make up for sins and where we go when we are sinless. The Divine Comedy is composed of three cantatas- Inferno (Hell), Purgatory (Purgatory), and Paradise (Paradise) - composed each Of 33 cantos. The very first canto serves as an introduction to the poem and is generally not considered to be part of the first cantina, bringing the total number of cantos to 100. Inferno (Hell): First Circle (Limbo): uninhabited and the virtuous pagans, who didnt accept Christ. Second Circle: lustful ,Third Circle: gluttons, Fourth Circle: materialistic people, Fifth Circle: wrathful and the sullen or slothful people, Sixth Circle. Heretics, Seventh Circle: the violent, divided into three rings, Outer) the violent against people and property, (Middle) the people who commit suicide, and (Inner) the violent against God (blasphemers), the violent against nature (sodomites), and the violent against art (usurers), Eighth Circle: The fraudulent-those guilty to deliberate, knowing evil-divided into ten oblige: Bolivia l: panderers and seducers, Bolivia 2: Flatterers, Bolivia 3: simonizes, Bolivia 4: Sorcerers and false prophets, Bolivia 5: Corrupt politicians (vibrators), Bolivia 6: Hypocrites and liars, Bolivia Thieves, Bolivia 8: V-redundant advisors, Bolivia 9: sewers of discord, Bolivia 10: falsifiers (alchemists, counterfeiters, perjurers, ND impersonators) Ninth Circle. Traitors, the circle is divided into four concentric zones: Zone 1: traitors to their kindred, Zone 2: traitors to political entities, such as party, city, or country, Zone 3: Traitors to their guests, Zone 4. Traitors to their lords and benefactors: Satan, who has three faces, one red, one black, and one a pale yellow, each having a mouth that chews on a prominent traitor: sinners in the mouths of Satan are Brutes and Cassias in the left and right mouths, respectively, Who were involved in the assassination Of Julius Caesar and Judas Chariot in the central, most vicious mouth, who betrayed Jesus. The Terraces of Purgatory: First Terrace: the proud, Second Terrace: the envious, Third Terrace: the wrathful, Fourth Terrace: the slothful Fifth Terrace. The avaricious and prodigal, Sixth Terrace: the gluttonous, Seventh Terrace: the lustful The ascent of the mountain culminates at the summit, which is in fact the Garden of Eden. This place is meant to return one to a state of innocence that existed before the sin of Adam and Eve caused the fall from grace. Paradise: The nine spheres, First Sphere. The sphere of the Moon is that of souls who abandoned their vows, Second Sphere: The sphere of Mercury is that of souls ho did good out tot desire tort tame, Third Sphere: The sphere to Venus is that of souls who did good out of love, Fourth Sphere: The sphere of the Sun is that of souls of the wise, Fifth Sphere: The sphere of Mars is that of souls who fought for Christianity, Sixth Sphere: The sphere of Jupiter is that of souls who personified justice, Seventh Sphere: The sphere of Saturn is that of the contemplative, Eighth Sphere: The sphere of fixed stars is the abode of all the blessed, g, Ninth Sphere. The Premium Mobiles the abode of angels, and from the Premium Mobile, Dante ascends to a region beyond physical existence, called the Empyrean, here he comes face-to-face with God. Chartres Cathedral: The plan is cruciform, With a 427-foot long nave, and short transepts to the south and north. The east end is rounded with an ambulatory which has five semi-circular chapels radiat ing from it. The cathedral extensively used flying buttresses in its original plan, and these supported the weight of the extremely high vaults. The new High Gothic cathedral at Chartres used 4 rib vaults in a rectangular space. The cathedral has three large rose windows: one on the west front with a theme of The Last Judgment; one on the north transept with a theme of the Glorification of the Virgin; and one on the south transept with a theme of the Glorification of Christ. On the doors and porches medieval carvings of statues holding swords, crosses, books and trade tools parade around the portals, their expressions as clear today as when first carved 700 years ago. The sculptures on the west facade depict Chrisms ascension into heaven, episodes from his life, saints, apostles, Christ in the lap of Mary and other religious scenes. Below the religious figures are statues of kings and queens, which is the reason why this entrance is known as the royal portal. While these figures are based on figures from the Old Testament, they ere also regarded as images of current kings and queens when they were constructed. The symbolism of showing royalty displayed slightly lower than the religious sculptures, but still very close, implies the relationship between the kings and God. It is a way of displaying the authority of royalty, showing them so close to figures Of Christ, it gives the impression they have been Ordained and put in place by God. Sculptures of the Seven Liberal Arts appeared in the archivist Of the right bay Of the Royal Portal, Which represented the school at Chartres. 2. ) Agitator used illusionary devises, had a single point Of view, there baas a allegations to us, a single light source, and a sense of gravity. The 6th century had no illusionary devises, had multiple point of views, there was no relationship to us, and a sense of floating (iconic). (Contrast Madonna in Throne to Good Sheppard or Mosaics) Early Renaissance artists like Mosaic( The Holy Trinity with the Virgin SST. John or Madonna Enthroned) and Antenna ( The Dead Christ or SST. James being lead to His Execution) create paintings that look like a window looking out on the world, while Bottling (Primeval), Piper Della Francesca (Baptism of Christ), and Domenici Venetians (Madonna Child with Saints) rate paintings achieve harmony of regular, clear, and proportionate relations not evident in nature. The most obvious ones to do are The Dead Christ (realistic) and Madonna Child with Saints (Idealistic) High Renaissance artists like Dad Vinci or Raphael combine idealism and naturalism, achieve it by linear perspective and increased knowledge of the human anatomy. Natural Sciences: Question I: One of Aquinas theories on the earths mobility is that circular motion is not the proper motion of the earth. He argued that rectilinear motion is the proper motion of the Earths enactment. If it were to move circularly, it loud be violent motion. Denying the antecedent on fixed stars, Aquinas argued suppose the earth moves, then the fixed stars would not appear to rise and set. They do appear to rise and set, therefore the earth does not move. Three arguments Burundi uses to counter Aquinas are I) Relativistic argument Of 2 ships: Motion obstacles sphere (east to west) or earth (west to east). If you are on a ship that is moving and you see another ship moving at same speed both Will appear to be stopped. Fifth other ship starts to move, you wont know bayou are moving or if they are moving. Similarly with the earth and fixed stars are moving r the earth moves. 2) Aesthetics, rest vs Motion. It is more noble and perfect to be at rest. To celestial bodies ought to be attributed the nobler conditions, and to the highest sphere the noblest. Therefore, the higher sphere ought to be at rest. 3) Appearances, resistance of air if earth were moving, we would feel the wind moving just as if we were riding horseback; we dont feel wind on a windless day, therefore the earth isnt moving. Rise to universities: Elementary education of Latin, art of chanting, and arithmetic brought about demand for higher education. The cities to Bologna, Paris, and Oxford became centers for higher earning, Universities came into being when teachers would teach one pupil or a small group of pupils for a tee. Education was in high demand and as the number of students increased, a need to organize became necessary. Guilds of teachers and students were formed and they called them universities (university), which simply denoted a group of people seeking common ends. In contrast, the Renaissance humanities returned to teaching the classics history, poetry and art and utilizing texts from the source, not annotated texts. Question I: Augustine politics: Church brings people into the city of God. State retrains people in the city Of the world. If a person is in the city Of God then they honor the state because they can use it for happiness. Summary of City of God (politics): The idea of the two cities is as follows. The city of God consists of those who will enjoy eternal happiness with God in heaven, the earthly city of those who will not. The city of God is not identical with the Church, since not all members of the Church will be saved, During this age, before the Day of Judgment, the members of the two cities are mixed in together, no one knows with certainty who are the elect. Although, Augustine sometimes seems o identity/ Rome as the earthly city, at least in later sections of the book the earthly city is not identified with any particular state, Members of both the city to God and the earthly city will be among the citizens to any particular state. The members of the two cities have different ultimate values but have many intermediate ends in common for example, they both desire worldly peace. So far as any particular state serves such common ends it will have the cooperation of members of the city of God. Like Plato and Aristotle, Augustine was no admirer of militarism or empire. Peace is one of his favorite themes. Love of glory or honor is not a virtue but a vice, according to Augustine; yet politically it has similar effects to virtue: love of honor inhibits other vices. In this respect it is an image or imitation or likeness of real virtue. Augustine philosophy was much influenced by neo-Patriotism_ Plato distinguished especially between two levels of reality: the Forms, and the things of our experience, which imitate or resemble the Forms in an inferior way _ The neo-Patients extended this to many levels: Reality has many levels, each of which is a reflection or imitation of the level above it. This makes Augustine perhaps surprisingly tolerant Of lower things: the lower levels are not merely evil; they are an imperfect imitation of higher levels. The virtue Of the ancient Romans was inferior, but it was worth something. Augustine is more realistic than many of the Stoic writers, who identified virtue and happiness; or perhaps we should say that Augustine is using happiness to mean something close to what we mean by it, and acknowledging that virtue cannot guarantee happiness in that sense. Augustine says When virtues are genuine virtues and that is possible only when men believe in God they make o pretence of protecting their possessors from unhappiness, for that would be a false promise; but they do claim that human life, now compelled to feel the misery to so many grievous ills on earth, can, by the hope to heaven, be made both happy and secure On earth we are happy, after a fashion, when we enjoy the peace, little as it is, which a good life brings; but such happiness compared with the beatitude which is our end in eternity is, in point of fact, misery. Augustine believed if there had been no sin (if the Fall had not taken place, and mankind had continued in the original state of innocence) the institutions of overspent and slavery would not have existed. Christians participate in the earthly city, and value its peace. The idea of order: one thing is under another, exists for the sake of another, and must obey another Charles v EssayIn the beginning there were created a few species of beings which, by virtue of intrinsic principles of reproduction, gave origin to the other species down to the present state of the existing world. Thus it seems that Augustine is not contrary to a moderate evolution, but that such a moderate evolution has nothing in common with modern materialistic evolutionist teaching. Connected with the creation of the world is the problem of time, for time has its beginning with creation. But vatu is time? What is its real nature? Augustine observes that time is essentially constituted Of a past, a present, and a future; without this division it would be impossible to speak of time. But the past is not existent, for it has passed; nor does the future exist, for it has yet to come; the present is the moment Which joins the past with the future. Now it would be foolish to deny the reality of time. We speak Of time as long or short, and that Which has no reality cannot be either long or short. To solve the difficulty Augustine has recourse to the intellective memory, which records the past and foresees the future. Thus both the past and he future are made present to the memory, and here time finds its reality of length and brevity. For Augustine, then, as the Scholastics were to say later, time is a being of reason with a foundation in things which through becoming offer to the mind the concept of time as past, present, and future. Psychology Augustine affirms the absolute unity and the spirituality of the human soul, And yet, considering Augustine Platonic tendency, the union of the soul with the body is somewhat extrinsic. In regard to the origin of the soul, Augustine teaching varies from creationism to traditionalism. According to creationism, God creates the soul of each man immediately in the very moment it comes to animate the body. On the other hand, according to traditionalism the soul of every man proceeds from the souls of the parents. Augustine, for polemical motives in his controversy with Pillages (who denied original sin), leans toward transudations In regard to the nature of the soul he affirms that the soul is simple and immortal. The sensitive soul, besides having the five senses, is endowed also with a sensitive cognition which is Common to animals and which judges the proper object of each of the senses. The intellective soul has here functions: being, understanding, and loving, corresponding to three faculties: intellective memory, intelligence, and will. The primacy among these three faculties is given to the Will, Which in man signifies love. The Will Of man is free. United to the question of the liberty of man is the problem of evil, which for many years tormented the mind of Augustine. Three kinds of evil can be distinguished: metaphysical, physical, and moral, and each of them consists in a deficiency in being a descent toward non. Being. Metaphysical evil is the lacking off perfection not due to a given nature and hence is not actually an evil. Lender this aspect, all creatures are evil because they fall short full perfection, which is God alone, Physical evil consists in the privation of a perfection due to nature; e. G. , blindness is the privation of sight in a being which ought to have sight according to the exigencies of its nature, Augustine, under Platonic and Sort_ influence, justifies the presence to physical evil in the general order to nature, in which dissonance serves to greater accentuate the general harmony, The solution, certainly, is not very pleasant The only true evil is moral evil: sin, an action contrary to the will of Cod. The cause of moral evil is not Cod, who is infinite holiness, nor is it matter, as the Platonist would have it, for matter is a creature of God and hence good Neither is the will as a faculty of the soul evil, for it too has been created by God. The cause of moral evil is the faculty of free will, by which man is able to deviate from the right order, to oppose himself to the will of God Such opposition gives moral evil reality negative, metaphysical reality in the sense of decadence of the order established by God, and hence decadence of being or descent toward non-being. Sin, from the very fact that it is decadence Of being, carries in itself its own punishment. By sinning man injures himself in his being for he falls from what he ought to be. As a result of this fall there exist the sufferings Which he must bear, such as remorse in the present life, and the sufferings which God has established in the life to come for those Who violate the laws laid down by His Will. V. Liberty and Grace Augustine sustained a long debate against Plagiarism. Pillages, who gave origin to the heresy which bore his name, held that the freedom of the human will is a gift of God, a grace of God. But from the moment he has received free will man no longer has need of further graces to attain his moral perfection: the powers of his nature are sufficient for this. Human nature has not been corrupted by original sin, but remains integral, and is able of itself to attain the perfection that is due to it, Augustine hence found it necessary to defend orthodox doctrine regarding both the redemptive work to Christ and the necessity to grace tort attaining moral perfection, The teaching of Augustine is summarized in the following points: ; Adam was created by God in integrity of nature, and was rather enriched with preternatural and supernatural gifts. ; Although more inclined to good than to evil, there remained in Adam the possibility of committing sin. ; Adam abused this power and sinned, and since in him were the beginnings of all mankind, all humanity has sinned with him. Thus evil took its beginning with original sin As a consequence of original sin, the human race has not only been deprived of preternatural and supernatural gifts, but the Whole Of nature has been upset, so that after original sin man is naturally unable not to sin. Christ, by his death on the cross, has remedied this disorder. But if the Redemption worked by Christ has given us once more the possibility of regaining supernatural goods, still has not restored to us the preternatural gifts. It has left human nature unchanged from what it was a consequence of sin; all the sufferings which entered the world with original sin remain as a means of purification and mortification. Hence, granted this natural weakness of human nature, the will, in order to attain moral perfection, needs grace. Now grace comes from God and is external to the will. How is grace to be reconciled with liberty? This was one of the problems which stubbed the mind of Augustine, and he, in order to uphold the efficacy of grace, neglected the second element, liberty. VI. Ethics We have already had occasion to explain certain basic points of Augustine moral or ethical doctrine when we spoke of the human will as the sole cause of moral evil, Augustine theory concerning evil is his greatest philosophic- theological discovery particularly his distinction between metaphysical evil, which is a deficiency or lack of being, and moral evil, which is a deficiency or lack of good. Another important point in Augustine moral teaching is his doctrine f voluntarism, or the primacy of the will over the intellect. The will is love, and according to Augustine it is necessary to love in order to know, and not vice versa, The primacy of the will is the intrinsic law of being, which finds its first actuation in God, who has created out of love. This love or desire reaches down even to inferior beings, in which it is manifested as instinct and blind appetitive or appetite. Since the first love must be love of God, and all other loves must be subordinated to this first love, Augustine teaches that love signifies order. Action is activity according to love. Any sin is an act of hatred, for sin is separation (aversion) from the order or love Which has its center in God. Because sin is an act of hate, the man who sins, not being able to destroy the order established by God, harms himself and falls from his being. Every good action is an action according to love: Love, says Augustine, and do what you wish Ama et face quad visa. The voluntarism of Augustine indicates the clear separation of the Latin ethical concept from the Greek. Greek genius, theoretical, speculative, creator of philosophy, makes the intellect conscience the basis of morality; theory takes precedence over practice. Augustine, representing the genius of Rome, which loved the practical and active life, and created law, defends the greater value of activity over speculation, prefers fact to theory, and hence the primacy tooth will over the intellect. The voluntarism of Augustine found in the Middle Ages great champions in the mystics and in the Franciscan School, VI. Politics: The City of God Augustine wrote his masterpiece, The City of Cod, while the Roman empire was falling into ruin under the barbarian invasions and the Church was rising from the imperial remains There was need of justifying these two events, which disturbed the spirits not only of pagans but of believers as well. With this purpose in mind, Augustine undertook his work, Vichy can be considered the first in the philosophy of history. Augustine view of the history of humanity is organic and unified, but it is also ascetic and Christian. Christ is the very soul Of history. The coming of Christ presupposes another truth of Christianity, original sin. In consequence Of original sin, men are divided into two distinct cities: one Of God, the other earthly. Both, however, are at the service of Christ. The people of Israel represented the city Of God, prior to the coming Of Christ; the earthly city was represented by the Roman empire. The two cities had a different purpose, the one religious and the other political. The first had the task of preparing for the coming of Christ with prophecies; the second was to prepare for his coming politically. After the coming of Christ and the founding of the Church, the purpose of the Roman empire had been fulfilled, and hence it fell under the assaults of the barbarians. If in the Christian era the Church represents the city of God, moral evil, wherever it be found, will be the representative of the earthly, the satanic city. These two cities now are politically unsaturated and only religiously diverse, for the Church has a universal task and must embrace the elect and the predestined to all times and to all races. The complete division will be made on the Great Sabbath, when the good will he made eternal citizens of the city of God, the eternal Jerusalem, and the evil will be confined forever to the city of Satan, hell, But who are those who will end in glory and who will end in torment?